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Psychology 210 Anatomy of the Nervous System Lecture 2b Anatomy of the Nervous System ________________________________ Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System _______________________ Nervous System ________________________________and Parasympathetic nervous systems Key Concept Autonomic Nervous System One system calms and the other arouses Does this setup make sense? Location terminology Superior vs. ________________ Dorsal vs Ventral ________________vs Posterior Rostral vs Caudal Medial vs Lateral Contralateral vs ________________ Proximal vs Distal Sagittal vs Coronal vs Axial Central Nervous System Spinal Cord ________________ The Spinal Cord 5 divisions of the spinal cord 8 ________________ nerves 12 thoracic nerves 5 lumbar nerves 5 ________________nerves 1 coccygeal nerve (not pictured) Organization: Spinal Cord two major classes of nerve fibers motor descending fibers (________________portion) sensory ascending fibers (dorsal portion) Grey matter Cell bodies ________________matter axons Reflexes Without input from the brain _____________________ reflex Knee jerk reaction ________________________ reflex Removal of hand from hot or sharp surfaces Damage to the Spinal Cord If damaged, patients have ________________________________and movement to areas served by the damaged nerves and to areas below the damage The Brain Two main classifications: Brainstem ________________ Parts of the Brainstem: The Medulla Primarily ________________ matter (axons) Majority of information going to and from higher structures pass through the medulla Contains various groups of cell bodies (nuclei) Responsible for ________________________________, heart rate, blood pressure Reticular formation Responsible for sleep and arousal Damage to the medulla is ________________ Parts of the Brainstem: The Pons Connects the medulla to higher brain structures Pons means “________________” in latin Mostly white matter (axons) Connections to the ear Processes ________________ and arousal Parts of the Brainstem: The Cerebellum “________________ brain” Coordination Puts together sequences of movements Balance Damage here effects skilled movements Also may effect speech One of the first brain structures affected by ________________________________ Across Species: the cerebellum Size of cerebellum and the meaning of its size has been up for debate Across mammals, the relative size of the cerebellum when compared to the brain is fairly constant Whales, ________________, and bats seem to have a larger cerebellum: brain ratio Possibly due to the fact that these animals have SONAR capabilities All speculation at this point Parts of the Brainstem: The Tectum Consists of four bump-like structures inferior colliculus and superior colliculus ________________ colliculus One step in the pathway from the optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Inferior ________________ One step in the pathway from the auditory nerve to the auditory areas of the brain Parts of the Brainstem: The Diencephalon two structures the ________________ the thalamus The Hypothalamus Eating, drinking, sex, circadian rhythms, temperature control Emotional behavior Fight or flight responses Termed a “________________________________” The Pleasure center 1956: Electrodes were placed in the rat’s hypothalamus Rats were taught to press a bar to turn on the electrode and stimulate their hypothalamus In experiments, rats would do nothing but push the bar Up to ________________ times Only stopped when they dropped from exhaustion Food deprived rats given the choice of food or stimulation: chose stimulation The Thalamus pair of structures (one in each half) incoming sensory information relays in the thalamus before entering the cerebral cortex. many ________________, motor, and cognitive functions highly organized connections with cortex connections are mostly ________________ The Cerebrum Main seat of Cognition Subcortex ________________ The cortex Six lobes Two ________________________________ Subhemispheric structures The Lobes Four main lobes ________________: motor and higher order functions Parietal: somatosensory ________________: audition Occipital: vision Two other lobes ________________ Insular Landmarks Gyrus – ________________ in brain Sulcus- depressions in the brain Main Landmarks Central Sulcus Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe Lateral Sulcus (aka ______________________ Fissure) Separates frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe Longitudinal Fissure Separates the two hemispheres ________________ : Large sulcus Types of Cortex Two main types Primary Receives direct input from sensory areas Only receives information from one type of sense Non-primary Receives information from other cortical areas Can be from only ________________ sense (unimodal) Can be from ________________ senses (multimodal) Primary sensory areas Primary visual: calcarine sulcus Primary auditory: ________________ gyrus Primary somatosensory: post-central gyrus Primary ________________: pre-central gyrus Primary Visual Cortex The Limbic Lobe Primarily responsible for ________________aspects of life In the ________________of the brain Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate gyrus Fornix Laminar organization cortex itself has a thickness of only about 3-4mm. VERY well ________________ 6 layers, or laminae, (Neocortex) Layer IV is the primary (but not exclusive) input layer Layers II and III are cortico-cortical output layers, II= ipsi III= contra Layers V and VI descending ________________layers V = basal ganglia/thal/brain stem/spinal cord VI = thal/claustrum Cytoarchitecture Laminar Organization Brodmann Tried to map out different areas of the brain based upon laminar organization Semi accurate area 17 is primary ________________ cortex Principles of Connectivity cortical connections are ________________ a majority, but not all, of the connections are reciprocal hierarchical and parallel organization Hierarchical processing proceeds in stages with each stage ________________ on the computations carried out in the earlier stage Parallel Processing occurs in two ways at the same time (separately)
