Download Chapter 03: Neuroscience and behaviour PowerPoint

Chapter 3:
Neuroscience
and behaviour
Slides prepared by
Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos,
adapted by Dr Mark Forshaw, Staffordshire University, UK
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Neurons: The Origin of
Behaviour
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2
Neurons
• Dendrites — “tree”
• Cell body — “soma”
• Axon — “myelin”
3
Neurons
• Glial cells
– support cells
• Synapse
– electrical to
chemical
– 100 billion cells
– 100–500 trillion
synapses
4
Neurons
• Major types of
neurons
– sensory
– motor
– interneurons
5
Electric Signalling:
Conducting Information
Within a Neuron
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Electric Signalling
• Conduction and transmission
• Resting potential
– natural electric charge
– concentration of ions inside and outside cell
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Electric Signalling
• Action
potential
– threshold
– myelin
and nodes
of Ranvier
– refractory
period
8
Chemical Signalling:
Transmission Between
Neurons
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Chemical Signalling
• Electrical to
chemical
• Terminal buttons
• Neurotransmitters
• Receptors
– key and lock
– reuptake
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
• Most drugs have their effects by
enhancing or interfering with synaptic
transmission
– As an agonist
– Or as an antagonist
• Prozac
– selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
12
The Organization of the
Nervous System
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Nervous System
• Central (brain & spinal cord)
• Peripheral
– somatic
– autonomic
sympathetic
parasympathetic
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Nervous System
• Somatic
– gather
information
from external
world
• Autonomic
– complementary
systems
15
Central Nervous System
• Brain
• Spinal cord
– spinal reflexes
– sensory receptors
– interneurons
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Structure of the Brain
• Hindbrain
–
–
–
–
medulla
reticular formation
cerebellum
pons
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Structure of the Brain
• Midbrain
– tectum
– tegmentum
18
Structure of the Brain
• Forebrain
– cerebral cortex
• Subcortical
structures
– thalamus
– hypothalamus
– pituitary gland
19
Structure of the Brain
• Limbic system
–
–
–
–
hypothalamus
Hippocampus
amygdala
basal ganglia
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Structure of the Brain
• Cerebral cortex
–
–
–
–
–
–
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
association
areas
21
Somatosensory and Motor Cortices
22
The Evolution and
Development of
Nervous Systems
23
Evolutionary Development
• Flatworm
– collection of neurons
• Invertebrates — neural tracts
• Vertebrates — tubular structure
– lower vertebrates — forebrain just cluster of
neurons
– higher vertebrates — larger forebrain
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Genes and the Environment
• Gene
– DNA
•
•
•
•
Chromosomes
Monozygotic twins
Dizygotic twins
Heritability
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Investigating the Brain
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Investigating the Brain
• Studying the damaged brain
-
Alexander Laing – frontal lobe injury left him
obsessed with sex
• Phineas Gage
– Damage to frontal lobe through work accident
– Emotional functions of the frontal lobes
– He lived after the accident, but with unfortunate
changes to personality
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Investigating the Brain
• Distinct roles of
left and right
hemispheres
– split-brain
procedure
28
Listening to the Brain
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Brain patterns while sleeping
• Brain patterns while awake
– perceiving
– learning
– remembering
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Brain Imaging
• Neuroimaging techniques
– computerized axial tomography (CT)
– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
– positron emission tomography (PET)
– functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
detects oxygenated haemoglobin and provides a
picture of the level of activation in each brain area
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