Download e.4.1 state that some presynaptic neurons excite post synaptic

OPTION E
E4
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND SYNAPSES
E.4.1 STATE THAT SOME PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS EXCITE
POST SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION WHILE OTHERS INHIBIT
POST-SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.
Pre-synaptic neurons can either excite or inhibit post-synaptic
transmissions. (AP = “______________”)
 This depends on which __________________(NT) is used and
which _______________ they bind to.

E.4.1 STATE THAT SOME PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS EXCITE POST
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION WHILE OTHERS INHIBIT POSTSYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.
Excitatory: NT __________ an AP in the post-synaptic neuron
 NT binding to the receptors opens _________ gates, causing
sodium to flow in, ______________ the neuron.
 Na+ in, neuron _________________, depolarization occurs.
 NT: e.g. glutamate, acetylcholine (Ach), norepinephrine (NE),
_____________

E.4.1 STATE THAT SOME PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS EXCITE POST
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION WHILE OTHERS INHIBIT POSTSYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.
Inhibitory: NT __________ an AP in the post-synaptic neuron
 NT binding to the receptors opens __________ gates, causing
chloride to flow in, _________________ the neuron.
 Cl- in, neuron _______________, more difficult to depolarize,
impulse ____________.
 NT: e.g. _______, dopamine

E.4.1 STATE THAT SOME PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS EXCITE POST
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION WHILE OTHERS INHIBIT POSTSYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.
____________ = -Aminobutyric acid
 GABA is a NT that opens _______________________ on the postsynaptic membrane. Cl- rushes in, _____________________ the
post-synaptic neuron and _____________ APs.
 GABA is important in regulating nervous processes – a
“_____________” or depressive effect (reducing activity).
 It prevents neurons from __________,
and can be used as a drug to help
people with anxiety or stress-related
disorders.
 ________ mimics the effect of GABA,
further increasing hyperpolarization
and therefore greatly reducing
nerve activity.

E.4.2 EXPLAIN HOW DECISION-MAKING IN THE CNS CAN RESULT
FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ACTIVITIES OF
EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS AT
SYNAPSES.

Important points to remember:
- ________ of many neurons feed into the _________ of the
post-synaptic neuron
- each axon contributes to the _____________________ of the
post-synaptic neuron
- effects of the each input
can be either ___________
or ____________
- effect is ____________
and is added up at the
_________________.
E.4.2 EXPLAIN HOW DECISION-MAKING IN THE CNS CAN RESULT
FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ACTIVITIES OF
EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS AT
SYNAPSES.

If the summative effect of the inputs reaches _____________,
an AP is propagated.

Spatial Summation:
multiple __________

Temporal Summation:
multiple _________ from one
input
http://hsc.uwe.ac.uk/synapses_neuro/summation.htm
E.4.3 EXPLAIN HOW PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS AFFECT THE
BRAIN AND PERSONALITY BY EITHER INCREASING OR
DECREASING POSTSYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.
Inhibitory drugs
Mimic inhibitory NTs
-________________ of
post-synaptic neuron
- _______ APs
- e.g. alcohol mimics GABA
effects, reducing APs
Blocks excitatory NTs
- ___________ APs
- e.g. opiates (heroin)
block pain pathway by
competitive inhibition
Excitatory drugs
Block re-uptake pumps
for NTs
- NT __________________
-e.g. cocaine’s effect on
dopamine
Mimic excitatory NTs
- __________________,
- _______ APs
-e.g. nicotine
Block inhibitory NTs
- prevent _______________
-e.g. caffeine competitively
inhibit adenosine
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/synapse.swf
E.4.4 LIST THREE EXAMPLES OF EXCITATORY AND THREE
EXAMPLES OF INHIBITORY PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS.
Excitatory
- _______: stimulate alertness and memory, nausea and vomiting
- _________________: increases heart rate, respiration, alertness
- _________________: causes anxiety and psychosis.
http://www.jellinek.nl/brain/index.html
E.4.4 LIST THREE EXAMPLES OF EXCITATORY AND THREE
EXAMPLES OF INHIBITORY PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS.
Inhibitory
- ___________________: muscle relaxant, reduces anxiety.
- ________: slows and prevents movement, impairs reasoning skills.
- ________: reduces heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.
http://www.jellinek.nl/brain/index.html
E.4.5 EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF THC AND COCAINE IN
TERMS OF THEIR ACTION AT SYNAPSES IN THE BRAIN.
Excitatory drugs = Cocaine
Normal:
-Dopamine acts as an ___________________
-Dopamine is ______________ at the pre-synaptic neuron pumps
With Cocaine:
-____________________ on reuptake pump
-Dopamine not re-uptaken; remains in __________________
-_________ dopamine is released
-_____________ post-synaptic transmission
Effect on mood/behavior
-Enhanced feelings of ___________(dopamine is a “pleasure” NT)
-___________ energy and alertness
-Highly ___________
-Associated with ____________ (body reduces its own dopamine)
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_m/i_03_m_par/i_03_m_par_cocaine.html#drogues
E.4.5 EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF THC AND COCAINE IN
TERMS OF THEIR ACTION AT SYNAPSES IN THE BRAIN.
Inhibitory drugs = THC (cannibis)
Normal:
-Two pathways to consider
1) pathway released _________, increasing feelings of ________
2) _______ has an ___________ effect on release of dopamine
With THC:
-Inhibits _________________ by binding to __________________
-GABA cannot _______________
-__________ dopamine is released
-___________ post-synaptic transmission
Effect on mood/behavior
-Enhanced feelings of __________ (dopamine is a “pleasure” NT)
-______________ (drunk feeling), hunger, memory impairment
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_m/i_03_m_par/i_03_m_par_cannabis.html#drogues
E4.6 DISCUSS THE CAUSES OF ADDICTION, INCLUDING
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, SOCIAL FACTORS, AND DOPAMINE
SECRETION.

Addiction
- a __________________________disorder with genetic,
psychosocial and environmental characteristics.
- is characterized by changes in the brain resulting in a
______________________to use a drug.
- “___________________” in the brain play a key role in
reinforcing behavior that may lead to addiction.
E4.6 DISCUSS THE CAUSES OF ADDICTION, INCLUDING
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, SOCIAL FACTORS, AND DOPAMINE
SECRETION.

Reward Pathway
- makes one feel good when he/she engages in behaviors
that are ______________________(e.g. eating, drinking)
• ____________ is the NT most prevalent
in the reward pathway.
- generate a feeling of ___________
- high levels of dopamine cause a
feeling of ___________
- user may seek to repeat by using
the drug again (____________)
- ____________ of the drug leads to
anxiety, depression and craving
E4.6 DISCUSS THE CAUSES OF ADDICTION, INCLUDING
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, SOCIAL FACTORS, AND DOPAMINE
SECRETION.



Some people are ______________ more pre-disposed to
becoming addicted than others.
May be the result of genetically determined deficiency of
__________________________
The children of addicts are ______________ to become
addicts themselves.
E4.6 DISCUSS THE CAUSES OF ADDICTION, INCLUDING
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, SOCIAL FACTORS, AND DOPAMINE
SECRETION.
Psychosocial factors are a heavy influence in addiction: