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By Carolyn Sivco, Hailey Lapa, Preslee Nolte, Stephanie Azevedo, and Meghan Castellano 3 Major Divisions of the Brain Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Cerebrum Cerebellum Coordination of voluntary, equilibrium, and muscle tone. Integrates and passes both sensory and motor information to/from the brain. Maintains posture, and balance. Regulates skeletal movements and muscles in order to have smooth/coordinated movements Necessary for learning new motor skills Cerebellum Neurons of the cerebellar cortex are distributed into three layers. Molecular Layer: most external, crest shape, and elaborates information. Intermediate Layer: made up of Purkinje cells which carry information relative to the movements of the body to the outside of the cerebellum The Granular Layer: most inner layer, granular and Golgi cells-filter incoming information. Damage to Cerebellum Injury can cause slowed and/or uncoordinated movements The inability to judge distance and when to stop (dysmetria) The inability to perform rapid alternating movements (adiadochokinesia) movement tremors (intention tremors) staggering, wide based walking (ataxic gait) tendency toward falling weak muscles (hypotonia) slurred speech (ataxic dysarthria) abnormal eye movements (nystagmus) Cerebral palsy Lack of oxygen to the brain tissue. Can occur during birth by trauma and lack of blood flow to the brain It is more common in twins and premature labors Abnormal movements (twisting, jerking, or writhing) of the hands, feet, arms, or legs while awake, which gets worse during periods of stress Tremors Unsteady gait Loss of coordination Floppy muscles Fun Facts From birth age until age 2, the cerebellum grows faster than the rate of the brain. Is almost like a mini brain. “Memories of work” – gradually learned movements. “Data bank” – daily movements. Rapid impulses produced by cerebral cortex can elaborate data in less then 1/10 of a second. Medulla Oblongata Structure: Located at the bottom of the brainstem Connects the brain and the spinal cord Only 3 cm long Controls and regulates numerous visceral organs Allows nerve signals to move from the brain to the spinal cord The vagus nerve Medulla Oblongata Regulates and controls: Breathing Blood pressure Heartbeat Contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing Damage to the Medulla Supportive equipment may be needed to keep the body working Head injuries and a variety of drugs and medications can cause this damage (ex. opiates and alcohol) Cerebrum Located in the front/top of the brainstem Largest and most developed division in the brain. The cerebral cortex Receives and processes visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory information. Composed of 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Speech and language Limbic System Composed of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. The primary functions: Emotions Memories The hypothalamus = mainly concerned with homeostasis. The hippocampus = short and long term memories The amygdala = the feeling of stimulating anger. Cerebrum Pictures Pictures (cont) Temporal Lobe Located beneath the frontal and parietal lobes on each side of the brain just above one’s ears Functions: Emotional responses Hearing Memory Speech Reading Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Reoccurring seizures that affect temporal lobe functions Causes Head injury or an infection that affects the brain, such as meningitis. Genetics Blood vessel malformations Simple Partial Seizures – consciousness is not affected Complex Partial Seizures – consciousness is affected Medications and surgery can be used to treat this disease Occipital Lobe Smallest part of the brain; located at the back of the skull Processes visual information Recognition of shapes and colors Occipital Lobe Epilepsy Unusual seizures, hallucinations, uncontrollable eye movements, fast eye-blinking, eye pain Caused by genetics, tumors, vascular malfunctions, trauma, or brain injuries Parietal Lobe Located behind the frontal lobes and above the temporal lobes Functions: Information Processing Pain and Touch Sensation Speech Visual Perception Frontal Lobe Located at the front of the cerebrum Extremely vulnerable to injury Functions: Reasoning & planning Parts of speech Movement Emotions Neuron in Impulse Transmission Dendrites or senders trigger the neuron. Sodium Ions come through the plasma membrane, while potassium ions leave the cell. An electrical impulse is formed the cyton receives the impulse and sends it to the axons. A chemical transmitter (acetylcholine) is released into the synapse the chemical transmitter then keeps the process going by activating the nerves. Pictures Types of head Injuries Concussion injury to the brain pass out for a short time vision blurs and trouble balancing. Contusion bruise of the brain bleeding causing swelling. Skull Fracture when the skull cracks sometimes edges of the broken bones can cut into the brain causes bleeding and swelling Hematoma bleeding in the brain that clots and then forms a bump. Brain Abscesses Collection of immune cells, pus, and other material in the brain. Caused when bacteria or fungi infects part of the brain. Swelling and inflammation usually develops in response A membrane forms around the infected area and creates a brain abscess. Brain swells and puts pressure on soft brain tissue = NOT GOOD The infected material may cause blockage of the blood vessels in the brain. Life threatening Brain Abscesses cont’d What are the symptoms of brain abscesses? aching neck, shoulders, or back change in mental status or confusion fever and chills Headache and vision changes Vomiting loss of muscle function How do you treat this? Antibiotics fight off the bacteria that caused the infection Surgery may be needed depending on the severity of the infection. Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System Huntington’s disease Epilepsy Alzheimer’s Disease Trigeminal Neuralgia Huntington’s Disease Genetically programmed degeneration of brain cells Symptoms: depression, mood swings, irritability, and trouble doing simple tasks like driving. Degeneration causes uncontrollable movements, emotional disturbance, and loss of intellectual abilities. Medication to control HD Side effects include: fatigue, restlessness, and hyperexcitibility. Epilepsy “to Seize” common neurological disorder recurrent seizures. abnormal or excessive neuronal activity in the brain. can sometimes be controlled (but not cured) by medication Commissurotomy can reduce the severity of the seizures. corpus callosum, which connects the two hemispheres of the brain, gets cut. Stimuli are transferred For epilepsy massive amounts of neurons are transferred if the connection is cut the neurons will stay in one hemisphere, which reduces the severity of the seizure. Alzheimer’s Disease Most common form of dementia Loss of ability in thinking , remembering, and reasoning. Damage to brain begins 10 to 20 years before any problems are evident. Plaques form and healthy neurons begin to work less efficiently. Third stage is the loss of connections between neurons in the brain because they lose their ability to function and communicate. Trigeminal Neuralgia Nerve disorder of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal) Sudden shock-like facial pains Normally only affects one side of the face, sometimes found on both sides. Called "suicide disease“ and/or most excruciatingly painful human condition. Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia Common age for TN is around 50 has also been found in infants and teens. Trigeminal Neuralgia Treatment: anti-convulsant drugs, such as Tegretol or Neurontin. neurosurgical procedures medical therapies such as acupuncture, chiropractic adjustment, self-hypnosis or meditation. Rare disease - affects less than 200,000 people US. The exact cause of TN is not fully understood. Trigeminal Neuralgia Marijuana (pot) The temporal lobe weakens short term memory and even blocks info from becoming long term memory. The prefontal lobe controls our emotions and higher thinking. The hypothalamus controls hunger stimulus. people get the “munchies” after they use pot Inhalants Effect the brain immediately after using. Fatty tissues that protect the nerve cells in the brain get destroyed by the vapors. neural transmissions slow down or even stop. Effects of the inhalants include: diminished ability to learn, remember, and solve problems. THE END <3