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Physiology
By Tammy Walter
&
Kristen Payton
• Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between
structure and function marked the beginning of physiology
in Ancient Greece.
• Galen was the to use experiment to probe the function of
the body. Also the founder of experimental physiology.
• Ibn -al- Naifs, was the first physician to correctly describe
the anatomy of the heart, the coronary circulation, the
structure of the lungs, and the pulmonary circulation. Also
first to describe the relationship between the lungs and
the aeration of the blood, the cause of pulsation and early
concept of capillary circulation.
• In the 19 century, physiological knowledge began to
accumulate at a rapid rate, most notably in 1838 with the
cell theory, which radically stated that organisms are made
up of units called cells.
Neurons
• Neurons process and transmit information by
electrochemical signaling
Types of Neurons:
– Sensory neurons- respond to touch, sound, light, and
numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the sensory
organs that then sends signals of the spinal cord and
brain
– Motor neurons- received signals from the brain and
spinal cord and cause muscle contraction and affect
glands.
– Inter-neurons- connects neurons to other neurons
within the brain and spinal cord.
Human physiology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology
Parts of Neurons
• Soma- is the central part of the neuron. It contains the
nucleus of the cell where protein synthesis occurs.
• Dendrites- of the neurons are cellular extensions with
many branches and metaphorically this overall shape
and structure is referred to as a dendrites tree. This is
where input to the neurons occurs.
• Axon- carries nerve signals away from the soma. Also
carry some types of information back to it.
• The Axon terminal contains synapses structures where
neurotransmitter chemicals are released in order to
communicate with target neurons.
Human physiology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiolo
gy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiolo
gy
The nervous system
• The nervous system is divided into two
Categories:
» The Peripheral Nervous System- is composed of sensory
neurons and the neurons that connect them to the nerve
cord, spinal cord, and brain.
» Central nervous System- part of nervous system that
function to coordinate the actually of all part of the
bodies of multicellular organisms.
Human physiology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physio
logy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology
Endocrine System
• Is a system of small organs that
involve the release of extracellular
signaling molecules known as
hormones. Also is a instrumental in
metabolism, growth, development
and puberty, and tissue function
Human physiology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology
Brain Facts
• The weight of an average human brain is
about 1300-1400g. Brain uses approximately
20% of the total oxygen pumping around your
body. Brain stop growing at the age of 18. The
brain is 75% of water.
http://www.thethinkingbusiness.co.uk/brain_f
acts.html
The Lobes :
The Frontal Lobes is located at the front of the brain. This associated with
reasoning, motorskills Higher lever cognitive and expressive language . At
back of this lobe is the motor cortex. This area receives information from
other lobes and utilizes this information to carry out body movement.
The Panetal Lobe is located in middle of the brain. This associated with
processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain.
Another portion of the brain is the somatosensory cortex is essential to the
processing of the body senses.
The Temporal Lobes is located bottom of the brain. Also the primary
auditory cortex is located hers is important for the sound and language we
hear.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiolo
gy
The Overview of the Brain, The Brain, 23rd Feb
web-us.com/brain/aboutthebrain.htm - 13k
Three Parts of the Brain
• The first segment in the lower section, occasionally called
the brain stem, consisting of structures such as the medulla
(controlling breathing, heart rate and digestion) and the
cerebellum (coordinating senses and muscle movement).
• The second segment appears as a insignificant
inflammation in lower vertebrates and enlarges in the
higher primates and ourselves into the midbrain.
• The structures contained here link the lower brain stem to
the thalamus (for information relay) and to the
hypothalamus (which is instrumental in regulating drives
and actions). The latter is part of the limbic system.
The Overview of the Brain, The Brain, 23rd Feb
web-us.com/brain/aboutthebrain.htm - 13k –
Cont.. Part of the Brain
• The limbic system, essentially alike in all mammals, lies
above the brain stem and under the cortex and consists of
a number of interconnected structures.
• Neurons affecting heart rate and respiration appear
determined in the hypothalamus and direct most of the
physiological changes that accompany strong emotion.
Destructive behavior is linked to the action of the
amygdala, which lies next to the hippocampus.
• The latter plays a crucial role in processing various forms of
information as part of our long term memory. Damage to
the hippocampus will produce global retrograde amnesia,
or the incapability to lay down new stores of information.
The Overview of the Brain, The Brain, 23rd Feb
web-us.com/brain/aboutthebrain.htm - 13k –
Animal Brain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
Animal Brains
• Animal brains tend to be adept at merely
driving self-preservation and the continuation
of their species.
• All animals, horses and rabid dogs included,
act predictably and according to a simple,
clearly defined cerebral algorithm
http://www.yankeepotroast.org/archives/200
5/10/human_brain_and.html
• Con’t Animal Brains
• The brain is the center of the nervous system
in animals. All vertebrates, and the majority of
invertebrates, have a brain. Jellyfishes and
starfishes have a decentralized nervous
system without a brain. In vertebrates, the
brain is located in the head.
• http://www.righthealth.com/topic/Brain