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Transcript
Four diffusely connected systems of central neuromodulators. A) Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus innervate the spinal cord, cerebellum, several nuclei of the hypothalamus, thalamus, basal telencephalon, and neocortex. B) Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei project to the hypothalamus, limbic system, neocortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. C) Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra project to the striatum and those in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain project to the prefrontal cortex of the limbic system. D) Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain complex project to the hippocampus and the neocortex and those in the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex project to the dorsal thalamus and the forebrain. (Reproduced with permission from Boron WF, Boulpaep EL: Medical Physiology. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2005.) Source: Neurotransmitters & Neuromodulators, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 25e Citation: Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 25e; 2016 Available at: http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: May 06, 2017 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
