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1. Neurons are electrically active; They have a resting voltage, and can undergo electrical changes 2. Neurons can “fire”; They generate Action Potentials that move along the axon 3. When the action potential reaches the terminals, it causes a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) to be released, which moves across the synapse to affect a second neuron. Fig. 1.6.1 Membrane Proteins and the Movement of Ions Na+ pump (Na+/K+ pump) Actively pumps Na+ out of cell Na+ Na+ Na+ Receptor enzyme Fig. 1.6.2 Second Messenger production Chloride channels are open K+ K+ EPSP, IPSP AND ACTION POTENTIAL 60 VOLTAGE (mV) 40 ACTION POTENTIAL 20 0 Larger EPSP -20 -40 EPSP threshold Resting Membrane Potential -60 -80 IPSP -100 0 10 20 30 40 TIME -----> Fig. 1.6.3 50 60 70 TRANSMITTER BINDING TO A RECEPTOR inside RECEPTOR Chemically Gated Channel Opens: Ions Move Into Cell (can be EPSP or IPSP depending on the channel membrane Fig. 1.6.4 outside WHEN THE TRANSMITTER AND RECEPTOR ARE BOUND TO EACH OTHER, IT STIMULATES BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY NEUROTRANSMITTER Action Potential is Generated K+ K+ Na+ Na+ moves inVoltage moves more positive (ascending limb) Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ moves outrestores resting Potential (i.e., descending limb) Towards soma Fig. 1.6.5 AXON Towards terminals INFORMATION PROCESSING BY NEURONS Each neuron is like a tiny computer; it receives many inputs, both excitatory and inhibitory, and adds them together (i.e. summation) over time and space. If the summed excitatory input at the initial part of the axon exceeds the threshold, an action potential is fired. Fig. 1.6.6 INFORMATION PROCESSING BY NEURONS: THE ACTION POTENTIAL LOW FREQUENCY LIGHT OFF HIGH FREQUENCY LIGHT ON VISUAL SYSTEM NEURON Fig. 1.6.7 Chemical Transmission Synthesis Storage Release Calcium flowing into the terminal, which is caused by the action potential, stimulates transmitter release. Fig. 1.6.8 Postsynaptic Action (a) and Inactivation (b, c) Fig. 1.6.9