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Nervous System: An Introduction HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School Function of the Nervous System 3 overlapping functions • SENSORY INPUT - Monitor changes inside and outside of the body; these changes are called STIMULI. • INTEGRATION - Processes and interprets changing stimuli to decide. • MOTOR OUTPUT - Effects a response via activating effectors (muscles or glands). Working Together The Nervous System works with the Endocrine System to provide electrical and chemical control of ALL body processes. Structural Organization Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord All neurons not in brain or spinal cord Responsible for Integration Responsible for sensory input and motor output Functional Organization Peripheral Nervous System Motor/Efferent Moves information AWAY FROM the CNS A) Sensory/Afferent Moves information TOWARD the CNS B) Autonomic Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscles and all glands D) Sympathetic Fight-or-Flight C) Somatic/Motor Voluntary control of skeletal muscles Parasympathetic Resting-orDigesting Autonomic Continuum Rest or Digest Fight or Flight Cells of the Nervous System • 2 categories – Neurons transmit electrical impulses • Sensory neurons = receptors • Integration neurons = integrate/think • Motor neurons = effect a change through muscles and/or glands – Neuroglia = Nerve glue • Protect, insulate, and support delicate neurons Cells of the Nervous System • Neuroglia = Nerve Glue – Astrocytes • Star-shaped cell that provides a scaffold to hold neurons in specific locations. – Oligodendrocytes • Insulates neurons for speedy transmission of electrical impulses; similar to insulation for electrical wires. – Ependymal Cells • Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – Microglial cells • Small white blood cells that destroy pathogens and cell debris. Meninges Protection of the CNS • Meninges – What Are They? Connective tissue outer protection covering of the brain. – Layers • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater – Circulates CSF • Pia mater • CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid – What is It? A watery substance – How Does it Offer Protection? It bathes the brain and cushions from trauma. – How is it Formed? In a Dense capillary bed by called the CHOROID PLEXUS Protection of the CNS • Blood-brain barrier – What is It? A tight network of capillary beds that are both SELECTIVE - Keeps some things out and other allows other things in. DIRECTIONAL - Moves INTO the brain not OUT OF the brain – How Does it Work? Acts as a successively smaller filters to keep substances from entering the circulation of the brain and spinal cord. Cells of the Nervous System Neurons/Nerves 3 main parts • Dendrite: receives info from neighboring neurons. • Cell body: living portion of the neuron; contains the nucleus and organelles. • Axon: sends info to neighboring neurons. Cells of the Nervous System Synapse – Space in between neighboring neurons. – Contains neurotransmitters; chemicals that are released to control info/activity in brain. Types of Synapses • Neuron-to-Neuron Found throughout Nervous System • Neuron-to-Muscle Neuromuscular • Neuron-to-Gland Neuroglandular Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar Anaxonic Appearance Location Function 2 extensions on opposite ends of cell body Special senses in skull Collect sensory info for sight, hearing, smell, taste 1 continuous extension, cell body pushed to side Special senses far from brain Collect sensory info for pain, pressure, touch Brain MultiPolar Many dendrites, single long axon Form networks that span distance Brain Anaxonic Cannot tell dendrites from axon Form close-knit networks BiPolar UniPolar The Brain Divisions of the Brain • Cerebral Cortex: high order processes; speech, language, cognition. • Cerebellum: responsible for the coordination of muscle activity. • Pons: relays sensory info from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex. • Medulla oblongata: the “primitive” brain; controls heart rate, respirations, hunger, thirst. • Diencephalon: important in the integration of the nervous and endocrine system/temperature control