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Biological basis to Psychology
Dr. AKSHAY KUMAR y Kumar
Positive Psychology
Astonishing Hypothesis
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Nobel prize winner biologist: Francis Crick
“You, your joys and your sorrows, your
memories and your ambitions, your sense of
personal Identity and free will are in fact are
no more than a behavior of vast assembly of
neurons and nerve cells”
 “You are nothing but a pack of Neuron”
Louis Carol
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Doctrine
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Dualism: We are immaterial souls that
connects the physical bodies
Material body
 Immaterial Mind
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Descartes: French Royal Garden Hydraulic
Robots: WE CAN CHOOSE
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How he concluded Dualism:
How do I know I am not dreaming?
How do i Know I am not crazy?
How do i Know my family is real of some supernatural has
tricked me?
How do I know my body is real?
I know God is there but, I am not sure?
HOW DO I KNOW I AM THINKING? Self refuting:
Body and Mind are separate
“The Soul is entirely different from our body”
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“My Body and my brain” As if we are
separate
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“A Man dies and is reborn in another body”
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Imagine yourself in a body of a horse but
having your own mind: Dualism
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Multiple personality disorder: Many minds
one body
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Most religions say you go to heaven or are
reborn, which means you are different from
this bag you carry around.
Criticism
Non scientific
 How do you learn languages
 What are disorders and how can we cure
them
 Most importantly: Dualism fails to
scientifically explain Where and how the
nonphysical soul/mind connects with the
physical body.
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Modern day
Machines like CT SCAN, f MRI
 Corresponds to what you are doing, what
you are thinking and see it on the monitor
what's going on in your brain
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Study of the Mind and Body
Levels of Organization
Cell
 Tissue
 Organ
 Organ system
 Organism
 SPECIES
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Neural Organization
Cell: Neuron
 Tissue: Nerves, Ganglia
 Organ: Brain, Spinal Cord, Brain Stem
 Organ System: Nervous System
-Central
-Peripheral
 Organism: Human Being
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Neuron
•Afferent: Sensory : from 5
senses to brain: As you see
me there are Neurons
firing from your eyes.
•Efferent: Motor: Brain to
Body
•Interneuron: Central:
Connecting A&E
Neuron
Dendrites: Receives signal
 Axon: The signal travels through this long
strip
 Myelin sheath: Covers the axon
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Behavioral outcome of Neuron
REFLEX ARC
AFFERENT
(Sensation)
INTERNEURON
(Processing)
EFFERENT
(Response)
Laws of Neuronal firing:
Neuronal coding
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A neuron is like a gun: It either fires or
doesn't fire. : Number of neuron firing:
Intensity
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Frequency of firing
Neuronal Communication
Chemically: Neurotransmitters
 Synapse: the gap between the Axon
Terminals and the dendrites.
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Neurotransmitters are fired from the Axon
terminals and received by the dendrites.
2 types of communications
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Excitory
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Inhibitory
How is it different from
computers
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Resilient to damage: Neuro-plasticity
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Extremely fast: Parallel processing:
Through Neural networks
Divisions of Nervous System
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Central
Brain
Spinal Cord
Brain stem
Peripheral
-Autonomic Nervous system
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Meets emergencies
Fight or Flight response, New studies: Tend or befriend
Emotional Arousal (Adrenaline)
Release Sugar (Nor-Adrenaline)
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Parasympathetic Nervous system
Vegetative functions: Digestion, Breathing,
Excretion, sexual arousal etc.
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Replenishes depleted resources
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Works opposite sympathetic N.S
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The brain has various localized parts
 Every student sitting here, is thinking about
something else, so different parts of your
brain is active right now, even when you are
sitting in the same class.
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“Part closest to the sky, where Gods reside”
Plato
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We balance the parts of the brain that are
ancient and the evolved parts of the brain.
The Brain
How amazing your brain is when you look
at the numbers.
 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion
Synapses
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Interesting part it how it works in sync
simultaneously without you even knowing.
Right Vs Left Brain
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Right brain: Speech, Comprehension,
Arithmatic, logic and reasoning
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Left brain: Creativity, Spatial ability, artistic
and music ability
CROSSOVER
Half of the neurons in the cerebellum. It
looks small because it is compressed and
compact
 30 billion
neurons
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Lymbic system
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Amygdala and Hippocampus
Emotional memory
 Emotions
 If this is effected you cannot form new
memories
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Cerebrum
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Largest part of the brain
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Consist of the right and left hemispheres
and also the lobess
Lobes of the brain
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4 Lobes
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
-Parietal
4 on the left and 4 on the right
Frontal Lobe
Problem solving
 Judgements
 Motor Functions: Motor strip: Movement
 Personality
 Speech: Brocas area
 Intelligence
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Parietal Lobe
Manage sensations and body position
 Touch, Pain, temprature
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Temporal Lobe
Memory
 Hearing
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual processing Unit
Brain Stem
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Mid brain, Pons and Medulla
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Is between the spinal cord and rest of the
brain
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Controls autonomic functions like
breathing, heart rate, digestion, sneezing
and sleep
Basal ganglia
Movements
 Habits
 Parkinson's disease
 Reward system. Why do we get desires and
feel delight
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Basal Ganglia
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Cluster of Neurons Coordinates the
messages between different parts of he
brain
Cerebellum
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Coordination and balance
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Gyrii: Part that sticks out
Sulcus: Which dives deep
Huge Sulcus is called as Fischer. Biggest is the Sylvian
Fischer.
Why do we have these waves of sulcus and gyrii
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To increase the surface area.
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Bigger the brain it can have more functions
Corpus Callosum
200 Million Nerve fibres that connect the
right brain to the left
 Multitasking.
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Pons
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Responsible for hearing
If Pons is continuously activated; eg,
Seizzures. Yu may hear sounds that dont
really exist
 And opposite
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Frontal Cortex
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Interprets, thinks and processes it.