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HUMAN SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Need for communication Communication is required for coordination Gather information Process information Respond accordingly THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervous system has two parts (central and peripheral) Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – other parts of the nervous system The CNS processes and responds to all messages coming from the peripheral nervous system The PNS connects all parts of the body to the CNS It uses specialized structures called nerves to carry information between body and CNS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS Nervous system is made up of cells known as nerve cells or neurons Cell body, axon and dendrites Nerve cells are connected to each other NERVES A nerve is a collection of axons bundled together with blood vessels and connective tissue Nerves are found everywhere in the PNS Most nerves have axons of both sensory neurons and motor neurons NERVES PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensory neurons – gather information Special nerve endings called as receptors Motor neurons – send impulses from brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body e.g. muscle, sweat glands etc. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PNS has two types of motor neurons – somatic and autonomic Somatic - under conscious control (voluntary movements such as writing, talking, smiling, or jumping) Autonomic - controls body functions that you do not think about, such as digestion and heart rate Maintain body’s functions in balance Depending on the situation, the autonomic nervous system can speed up or slow down these functions The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The central nervous system receives information from the sensory neurons Then it responds by sending messages to the body through motor neurons in the PNS Made up of brain and spinal cord BRAIN Largest organ in the nervous system Different parts perform different functions Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Controls voluntary movements It also allows to sense touch, light, sound, odors, taste, pain, heat etc. The cerebrum is made up of two halves, called hemispheres. The left hemisphere directs the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere directs the left side of the body BRAIN BRAIN Cerebellum The second largest part of your brain and lies beneath the back of the cerebrum The cerebellum processes sensory information from the body, such as from skeletal muscles and joints This allows the brain to keep track of the body’s position BRAIN Medulla The medulla connects brain to the spinal cord Controls involuntary processes such as involuntary breathing, the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate Medulla constantly receives sensory impulses from receptors in blood vessels and uses this information to regulate blood pressure The medulla also sends impulses to the heart to make the heart beat faster or slower BRAIN SPINAL CORD Spinal cord It is made of neurons and bundles of axons that pass impulses to and from the brain The spinal cord is surrounded by protective bones called vertebrae The axons in spinal cord allow the brain to communicate with PNS The axons of sensory neurons in skin and muscles carry impulses to the spinal cord The spinal cord relays these impulses to the brain The brain interprets these impulses as pain, temperature, or other sensations and responds to the situation SPINAL CORD SPINAL CORD Spinal May cord injury block information flow to and from the brain Paralysis