Download Nervous System: Topic 1: Neural Tissue Objective: Students will

Nervous System: Topic 1: Neural Tissue
Objective: Students will understand the anatomy of neural tissue.
Functions of neural tissue:
Provide sensation of the internal & external environments.
Provide integration of sensory information.
Provide coordination of voluntary & involuntary activities.
Provide regulation or control of peripheral structures or systems.
Divisions of the nervous system:
CNS
The central nervous system. The brain & spinal cord.
PNS
The peripheral nervous system.
sensory nerves (going to the brain or spinal cord)
motor nerves (going from the spine/brain to muscles)
The PNS represents the link between the CNS & the rest of the world.
Histology of neural tissue:
Neuron
Another name for a nerve cell
Dendrites
Receive nerve messages and send them to the cell body.
Axon
Sends the message to the synapse.
Soma
The cell body, containing most of the cellular organelles.
Myelin
A covering made by extensions of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelinated nerves conduct the action potential faster than unmyelinated nerves.
The lipids in the myelin give the nerves a glossy white appearance. (white
matter).
Nodes of Ranvier
areas where there is a lack of myelin.
Gray matter
is named from the somas (containing ribosomes) color.
The Synapse
The synapse is a region of intercellular
communication.
 nerve to nerve
 nerve to muscle (neuromuscular)
 nerve to gland ( neuroglandular)
The direction is one way.
From a presynaptic neuron to a
postsynaptic neuron.
The neurotransmitter is released into the
synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
The neurotransmitter is soon broken
down by another chemical (this is called
the synaptic delay).
Histological Organization
CNS
Neorons
Neoroglia: supporting cells
Astrocytes
 Help maintain the blood brain barrier separating the CNS interstitial fluid
from the general circulation.
Oligodendrocytes
 Extensions surround neurons to create myelin
Microglia
 white blood cells eating & cleaning up neural tissue.
Ependymal cells
 monitor & make the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which acts as a shock
absorber
PNS
Neurons
Neuroglia: supporting cells
amphicytes
 satellite cells
Schwann Cells
 (outside the CNS) form the myelin for the axon.
Nervous System: Topic 1: Neural Tissue
Objective: Students will understand the anatomy of neural tissue.
Functions of neural tissue:
Provide ________________of the internal & external environments.
Provide ________________ of sensory information.
Provide ________________ of voluntary & involuntary activities.
Provide ________________ or _______________ of peripheral structures or systems.
Divisions of the nervous system:
CNS
The central nervous system. The____________ & _______________.
PNS
The peripheral nervous system.
______________ (going to the brain or spinal cord)
______________ (going from the spine/brain to muscles)
The PNS represents the link between the CNS & the rest of the world.
Histology of neural tissue:
Neuron
Another name for a ________________
Dendrites
_______________ nerve messages and send them to the cell body.
Axon
Sends the message to the ______________.
Soma
The ______________ containing most of the cellular ______________.
Myelin
A covering made by extensions of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelnated nerves conduct the action potential ____________ than unmyelinated
nerves. The lipids in the myelin give the nerves a glossy white appearance.
(___________________).
Nodes of Ranvier
areas where there is a lack of _____________.
Gray matter
is named from the somas (______________________) color.
The Synapse
The ___________is a region of intercellular
communication.
 nerve to _________
 nerve to _________ (neuromuscular)
 nerve to _________ ( neuroglandular)
The direction is _____________.
From a ________________ to a
_________________
The __________________ is released into the
synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
The neurotransmitter is soon broken down by
another chemical (this is called the synaptic
delay).
Histological Organization
CNS
Neorons
Neoroglia: supporting cells
_______________
 Help maintain the blood brain barrier separating the CNS interstitial fluid
from the general circulation.
s
 Extensions surround neurons to create myelin
_______________
 white blood cells eating & cleaning up neural tissue.
_______________
 monitor & make the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which acts as a shock
absorber
PNS
Neurons
Neuroglia: supporting cells
________________
 satellite cells
_________________
 (outside the CNS) form the myelin for the axon.
Neuron Label
Astrocyte
Axon
Dendrite
Nucleus
Microglial Cells
Myelin Sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Oligodendrocyte
Soma
Cells of the Central Nervous System
Neurons
Astrocytes
Capillary
Mylein Sheath
Microglia
Nodes of Ranvier
Epindymal
Oligodendrocytes
.
What makes white matter white and gray matter gray?
What is the difference between the PNS and the CNS?
Name _____________________________ Date ______
INTERNET RESEARCH ON THE BRAIN
Go to the NEUROSCIENCE FOR KIDS page at http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html.
Use the following questions to navigate through the pages. Record the information to the questions
as you find it.
1. On the "Neuroscience For Kids" homepage, scroll down to the Table Of Contents. Click on the
colored words, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." This will bring you to a variety of topics. Scroll
down to the section on "THE BRAIN." Click on the colored words "DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM." Answer the following questions from the information there...
What are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system?
______________________ nervous system ______________________ nervous system
What is another name for a "nerve cell"? ______________________
What two structures make up the central nervous
system?____________________________________
About how much does the brain weigh?__________________
About how many nerve cells are in the brain? _________________
2. From this page click on the colored words, "BRAIN FACTS AND FIGURES." Using the data on this
page, answer the following questions:
What animal has the largest brain? _____________________________
What animal has the smallest brain?_____________________________
Does brain size correlate to intelligence? __________________
3. Go back to the page, "DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the
"HEAR IT" section. Play the words, AMYGDALA, CEREBELLUM, AND DIENCEPHALON. Try to say
these words yourself!!!
Continue scrolling down to the section called "BRAIN STRUCTURES"
Where is the cerebral cortex located? ____________________________
What is a groove in the cortex called? _____________________________
What is a bump in the cortex called? ____________________________
What is one area of the brain that is responsible for memory and learning? ___________________
4. Go back to the page "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "OUR
DIVIDED BRAIN."
What are the four major lobes of the brain?
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
What happened to Phineas Gage?_______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "ONE
BRAIN OR TWO?"
Name two functions that are dominant on the left brain side of the brain.
________________________________________________________________
The right side of the brain?
________________________________________________________________
What structure connects the right and left cerebral
hemispheres?__________________________________
What side of the brain controls language in most people?__________________________
List 4 famous left-handed folks
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "HE
BRAINS, SHE BRAINS."
Is the proportion of brain weight to body weight different for men and women? __________________
What happens to mens' brains as they age?______________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT."
When does the nervous system begin to form?_______________________________________
8. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "THE
VENTRICLES AND CSF."
What is cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)?_______________________________________________________________
Name at least 2 functions of
CSF.___________________________________________________________________
9. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "THE
BRAIN DURING SLEEP."
What instrument is used to measure brain activity?___________________________________
About how much of your life do you spend asleep?________________________
What does REM stand for?______________________________________________
10. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "BRAIN
FITNESS - YOUR GUIDE TO GOOD HEALTH."
List three tips given on this page for good health.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
11. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "THE
BRAIN VS. THE COMPUTER."
Which sends signals faster, a brain or a computer?_____________________
12. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "WHAT
BECAME OF EINSTEIN'S BRAIN?"
When did Einstein die?_________________________________________
Who removed his brain?_________________________________________
Where is the brain now?____________________________________________
13. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the
page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the
colored word "ALCOHOL."
What kind of drug is alcohol?__________________
What term is given to drugs that kill brain cells?__________________
14. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the
page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the
colored word "CAFFEINE."
Which soft drink has the most caffeine per serving?__________________
What are two negative side effects of
caffeine?__________________________________________________
15. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the
page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the
colored word "COCAINE."
Is cocaine an addicting drug?__________________What organ does it affect other than the brain?
__________________
16. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the
page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the
colored word "MARIJUANA." Scroll down and click on the colored words, "MARIJUANA: FACTS
FOR TEENS."
List two short-term effects of marijuana
use:__________________________________________________
List two possible long-term effects of marijuana
use:__________________________________________________
What effects may marijuana have on the babies of pregnant women who smoke marijuana?
_____________________________________________________________
17. Open the The Split Brain Experiment ( http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/splitbrain/ )
What exactly is a "split brain" _____________________________________
Describe a person with a split brain:
________________________________________________________
18. For Fun (if time permits)
Memory Games -- http://www.zefrank.com/memory/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/fun/games/memory_game/
Brain Games - http://www.gamesforthebrain.com/
Eyetricks Games - http://www.eyetricks.com/braingames.htm
Psychological Tests - http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/
Nervous System: Topic 2: Transmembrane potential
Objective: Students will be able to describe the transmembrane potential.
The Transmembrane Potential
Resting Potential of a neuron is -70mV
Cell Membrane of a neuron is called an axolemma

Threshold
The amount of stimulus needed to produce an action potential.
Normally around -60mV. When threshold is reached sodium ions
rush in and cause the membrane to depolarize until it reaches
+30mV.

Action potential
The conducted impulse that goes down the axon
It is started in the Axon hillock( area where soma and axon meet)

All or none law
All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will
produce identical action potentials.

Refractory period
A time period where the nerve cell does not respond to a stimulus.
Absolute R. P.
When there is no response to a stimulus.
Relative R. P.
When a large stimulus will produce a response.

Conduction velocity
action potential speeds up as axon diameter increases
Myelin sheaths increase the velocity

Continuous conduction
On unmyelinated nerves, the wave goes down the
Membrane, slower

Saltatory conduction
The impulse "leapfrogs" from one node of ranvier to
Another, faster

Cholinergic synapses
o Release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.
o Cholinesterase breaks the neuro-transmitter into acetate & choline.
o The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron for production of more Ach.

Adrenergic synapses
(EPSP) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
o Norepinephrine (NE) (noradrenaline) is used to excite the postsynaptic nerve.

Dopamine (IPSP) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
o is an inhibitor, slowing the neurotrans-mission of the nerve impulse.
The reflex arc
Afferent fibers
o are axons of sensory neurons which synapse inside the CNS. Brings information
to the CNS
Efferent fibers
o are the axons of motor neurons & extends into the periphery. Moves information
from the CNS.
o They can control muscles & glands.
Interneurons
(Association)
o Coordinate the sensory & motor neurons
o concerning complicated neural interactions. Stepping on a nail.
Somatic reflexes
o control skeletal muscles.
Nervous System: Topic 2: Transmembrane potential
Objective: Students will be able to describe the transmembrane potential.
The Transmembrane Potential
Resting Potential of a neuron is __________________
Cell Membrane of a neuron is called an _________________________

Threshold
The amount of stimulus needed to produce an action potential.
Normally around _________. When threshold is reached sodium
ions rush in and cause the membrane to depolarize until it reaches
______________.

Action potential
The conducted impulse that goes down the axon
It is started in the ___________( area where soma and axon meet)

All or none law
All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will
produce identical action potentials.

Refractory period
A time period where the nerve cell does not respond to a stimulus.
Absolute R. P.
When there is _________ response to a stimulus.
Relative R. P.
When a _________stimulus will produce a response.

Conduction velocity
action potential speeds up as axon diameter _________
Myelin sheaths increase the velocity

Continuous conduction
On unmyelinated nerves, the wave goes down the
Membrane, _______________

Saltatory conduction
The impulse "leapfrogs" from one node of ranvier to
Another, __________________

Cholinergic synapses
o Release ______________________ into the synaptic cleft.
o Cholinesterase breaks the neuro-transmitter into acetate & choline.
o The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron for production of more Ach.

Adrenergic synapses
(
) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
o Norepinephrine (NE) (noradrenaline) is used to excite the postsynaptic nerve.

Dopamine (
) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
o is an inhibitor, slowing the neurotrans-mission of the nerve impulse.
The reflex arc
____________________
o are axons of sensory neurons which synapse inside the CNS. Brings information
to the CNS
_____________________
o are the axons of motor neurons & extends into the periphery. Moves information
from the CNS.
o They can control muscles & glands.
_____________________ (Association)
o Coordinate the sensory & motor neurons
o concerning complicated neural interactions. Stepping on a nail.
Somatic reflexes
o control skeletal muscles.
Nervous System: Topic 2: The Brain
Students will understand the complexity of the brain and be able to identify brain structures.
The Brain

has 35,000,000,000 neurons, each may receive 80,000 messages from as many
synapses at one time

needs time to process critical messages, the spine can react if emergencies exist.

contains 98 % of the neural tissue of the body (1.4 Kg, 3 lb) Males have a 10%
increase in volume compared to women.

has folds to increase the surface to volume ratio.
Brain Layers ( Meninges)
Lobes of the Brain




Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language
Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body
parts (somatosensory)
Temporal Lobe – hearing
Occipital – vision
Ventricles of the Brain



Contain Cerbrospinal Fluid
Central Canal
Lateral Ventricle

DuraMater: outermost layer

Arachnoid mater: inbetween, no blood
vessels

Pia mater: inner most, contains nerves
and blood vessels
Regions
Cerebrum (Telencephalon)
 forms paired cerebral hemispheres
separated by corpus collosum
 receives sensory information
 directs contraction of voluntary
skeletal muscles
 controls complex mental activities
Diencephalon
 relay centers for the brain
 contains the thalamus and
hypothalamus the thalamus
 controls many endocrine, or
hormonal, glands
Cerebellum
 balance and coordination
Medulla (medulla oblongata) Myelencephalon
 also known as the brain stem
 has the respiratory & cardiovascular
centers ( autonomic systems)
Gross Anatomy
Know the following parts:











Central sulcus (shallow
groove)
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid space
Corpus collosum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Diencephalon






Longitudinal Fissure
(separates right and left
sides)
Transverse Fissure
(separates cerebrum from
cerebellum)
Thalmus
Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Nervous System: Topic: Spinal Cord
Objective: Students will be able to describe the anatomy of the spinal cord as
well as the basic reflex categories.
The Spinal Cord
o measures 45 cm in length
o decreases in size as the cord proceeds inferiorly
o enlarges & elongates till about 4 years of age.
o 2 elnlargements
 Cervical Enlargement supplies nerves to the shoulder and arms
 Lumbar enlargement provides nerves to pelvis and legs
o There after, the spine grows, but the cord does not,so at adulthood, the
cord goes only to L1 or L2.
o
o Gray matter surrounded by white matter
o A cross section has a butterfly appearance
 Anterior horns: motor control
 Posterior horns: sensory control
o is divided into 31 segments
o each segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia that contain
the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
o A ganglia is a mass of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
o A pair of ventral roots contain the axons of motor neurons.
Meninges
 Epidural Space
o Loose connective tissue, blood, fat
 Dura Mater
o Subdural Space
 Arachnoid
 Pia Mater
o Blood vessels, connects to nervous tissue
Nerves
See page 383 of your text, tables 14 - 9 and 14 - 11.
Different Types of Sensory Neurons
Somatic sensory neurons monitor outside world
Exteroceptors provide information about the external enivornment though senses
Proprioceptors monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints
Visceral sensory neurons, or interoceptors monitor internal operations
 Part of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Reflexes
The tendon jerk reflex
 A rapidly stretched muscle will contract.
 Patellar Reflex
 Ipsilateral
Withdrawal reflexes
 remove the body part from a source of stimulation (pain).
 Ipsilateral
Crossed Extensor Reflexes
 The ipsilateral side contracts, & contralateral extends
 This involves "higher level brain involvement"
Nervous System: Topic: Spinal Cord
Objective: Students will be able to describe the anatomy of the spinal cord as
well as the basic reflex categories.
The Spinal Cord
o measures __________ cm in length
o _____________ in size as the cord proceeds inferiorly
o enlarges & elongates till about ____________years of age.
o There after, the spine grows, but the cord does not,so at adulthood, the
cord goes only to_________ or _________.
o 2 elnlargements
 _______________ Enlargement supplies nerves to the shoulder and
arms
 _________________enlargement provides nerves to pelvis and legs
o ____________ matter surrounded by ____________ matter
o A cross section has a butterfly appearance
 Anterior horns: ______________control
 Posterior horns: _____________control
o is divided into ___________________segments
o each segment is associated with a pair of ___________________ that
contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
o A _________________ is a mass of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
o A pair of ________________________ contain the axons of motor
neurons.
Meninges
 Epidural Space
o Loose connective tissue, blood, fat
 _______________________
 Subdural Space
 _______________________
 ________________________
o Blood vessels, connects to nervous tissue
Nerves
See page 383 of your text, tables 14 - 9 and 14 - 11.
Different Types of Sensory Neurons
Somatic sensory neurons monitor ___________________
Exteroceptors provide information about the__________________though senses
Proprioceptors monitor the position of _____________ muscles and joints
Visceral sensory neurons, or interoceptors monitor ____________operations
 Part of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Reflexes
The tendon jerk reflex
 A rapidly stretched muscle will contract.
 ________________________________
 Ipsilateral
Withdrawal reflexes
 remove the body part from a source of stimulation (pain).
 _______________________
Crossed Extensor Reflexes
 The ipsilateral side contracts, & contralateral extends
 This involves "______________________ brain involvement"