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Nervous System: Topic 1: Neural Tissue Objective: Students will understand the anatomy of neural tissue. Functions of neural tissue: Provide sensation of the internal & external environments. Provide integration of sensory information. Provide coordination of voluntary & involuntary activities. Provide regulation or control of peripheral structures or systems. Divisions of the nervous system: CNS The central nervous system. The brain & spinal cord. PNS The peripheral nervous system. sensory nerves (going to the brain or spinal cord) motor nerves (going from the spine/brain to muscles) The PNS represents the link between the CNS & the rest of the world. Histology of neural tissue: Neuron Another name for a nerve cell Dendrites Receive nerve messages and send them to the cell body. Axon Sends the message to the synapse. Soma The cell body, containing most of the cellular organelles. Myelin A covering made by extensions of an oligodendrocyte. Myelinated nerves conduct the action potential faster than unmyelinated nerves. The lipids in the myelin give the nerves a glossy white appearance. (white matter). Nodes of Ranvier areas where there is a lack of myelin. Gray matter is named from the somas (containing ribosomes) color. The Synapse The synapse is a region of intercellular communication. nerve to nerve nerve to muscle (neuromuscular) nerve to gland ( neuroglandular) The direction is one way. From a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron. The neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. The neurotransmitter is soon broken down by another chemical (this is called the synaptic delay). Histological Organization CNS Neorons Neoroglia: supporting cells Astrocytes Help maintain the blood brain barrier separating the CNS interstitial fluid from the general circulation. Oligodendrocytes Extensions surround neurons to create myelin Microglia white blood cells eating & cleaning up neural tissue. Ependymal cells monitor & make the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which acts as a shock absorber PNS Neurons Neuroglia: supporting cells amphicytes satellite cells Schwann Cells (outside the CNS) form the myelin for the axon. Nervous System: Topic 1: Neural Tissue Objective: Students will understand the anatomy of neural tissue. Functions of neural tissue: Provide ________________of the internal & external environments. Provide ________________ of sensory information. Provide ________________ of voluntary & involuntary activities. Provide ________________ or _______________ of peripheral structures or systems. Divisions of the nervous system: CNS The central nervous system. The____________ & _______________. PNS The peripheral nervous system. ______________ (going to the brain or spinal cord) ______________ (going from the spine/brain to muscles) The PNS represents the link between the CNS & the rest of the world. Histology of neural tissue: Neuron Another name for a ________________ Dendrites _______________ nerve messages and send them to the cell body. Axon Sends the message to the ______________. Soma The ______________ containing most of the cellular ______________. Myelin A covering made by extensions of an oligodendrocyte. Myelnated nerves conduct the action potential ____________ than unmyelinated nerves. The lipids in the myelin give the nerves a glossy white appearance. (___________________). Nodes of Ranvier areas where there is a lack of _____________. Gray matter is named from the somas (______________________) color. The Synapse The ___________is a region of intercellular communication. nerve to _________ nerve to _________ (neuromuscular) nerve to _________ ( neuroglandular) The direction is _____________. From a ________________ to a _________________ The __________________ is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. The neurotransmitter is soon broken down by another chemical (this is called the synaptic delay). Histological Organization CNS Neorons Neoroglia: supporting cells _______________ Help maintain the blood brain barrier separating the CNS interstitial fluid from the general circulation. s Extensions surround neurons to create myelin _______________ white blood cells eating & cleaning up neural tissue. _______________ monitor & make the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which acts as a shock absorber PNS Neurons Neuroglia: supporting cells ________________ satellite cells _________________ (outside the CNS) form the myelin for the axon. Neuron Label Astrocyte Axon Dendrite Nucleus Microglial Cells Myelin Sheath Nodes of Ranvier Oligodendrocyte Soma Cells of the Central Nervous System Neurons Astrocytes Capillary Mylein Sheath Microglia Nodes of Ranvier Epindymal Oligodendrocytes . What makes white matter white and gray matter gray? What is the difference between the PNS and the CNS? Name _____________________________ Date ______ INTERNET RESEARCH ON THE BRAIN Go to the NEUROSCIENCE FOR KIDS page at http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html. Use the following questions to navigate through the pages. Record the information to the questions as you find it. 1. On the "Neuroscience For Kids" homepage, scroll down to the Table Of Contents. Click on the colored words, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." This will bring you to a variety of topics. Scroll down to the section on "THE BRAIN." Click on the colored words "DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Answer the following questions from the information there... What are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system? ______________________ nervous system ______________________ nervous system What is another name for a "nerve cell"? ______________________ What two structures make up the central nervous system?____________________________________ About how much does the brain weigh?__________________ About how many nerve cells are in the brain? _________________ 2. From this page click on the colored words, "BRAIN FACTS AND FIGURES." Using the data on this page, answer the following questions: What animal has the largest brain? _____________________________ What animal has the smallest brain?_____________________________ Does brain size correlate to intelligence? __________________ 3. Go back to the page, "DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the "HEAR IT" section. Play the words, AMYGDALA, CEREBELLUM, AND DIENCEPHALON. Try to say these words yourself!!! Continue scrolling down to the section called "BRAIN STRUCTURES" Where is the cerebral cortex located? ____________________________ What is a groove in the cortex called? _____________________________ What is a bump in the cortex called? ____________________________ What is one area of the brain that is responsible for memory and learning? ___________________ 4. Go back to the page "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "OUR DIVIDED BRAIN." What are the four major lobes of the brain? __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ What happened to Phineas Gage?_______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "ONE BRAIN OR TWO?" Name two functions that are dominant on the left brain side of the brain. ________________________________________________________________ The right side of the brain? ________________________________________________________________ What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?__________________________________ What side of the brain controls language in most people?__________________________ List 4 famous left-handed folks ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 6. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "HE BRAINS, SHE BRAINS." Is the proportion of brain weight to body weight different for men and women? __________________ What happens to mens' brains as they age?______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 7. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "BRAIN DEVELOPMENT." When does the nervous system begin to form?_______________________________________ 8. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "THE VENTRICLES AND CSF." What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?_______________________________________________________________ Name at least 2 functions of CSF.___________________________________________________________________ 9. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "THE BRAIN DURING SLEEP." What instrument is used to measure brain activity?___________________________________ About how much of your life do you spend asleep?________________________ What does REM stand for?______________________________________________ 10. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "BRAIN FITNESS - YOUR GUIDE TO GOOD HEALTH." List three tips given on this page for good health. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 11. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "THE BRAIN VS. THE COMPUTER." Which sends signals faster, a brain or a computer?_____________________ 12. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored words, "WHAT BECAME OF EINSTEIN'S BRAIN?" When did Einstein die?_________________________________________ Who removed his brain?_________________________________________ Where is the brain now?____________________________________________ 13. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored word "ALCOHOL." What kind of drug is alcohol?__________________ What term is given to drugs that kill brain cells?__________________ 14. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored word "CAFFEINE." Which soft drink has the most caffeine per serving?__________________ What are two negative side effects of caffeine?__________________________________________________ 15. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored word "COCAINE." Is cocaine an addicting drug?__________________What organ does it affect other than the brain? __________________ 16. Go back to the page, "EXPLORE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Scroll down to the bottom of the page where it says, "THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Click on the colored word "MARIJUANA." Scroll down and click on the colored words, "MARIJUANA: FACTS FOR TEENS." List two short-term effects of marijuana use:__________________________________________________ List two possible long-term effects of marijuana use:__________________________________________________ What effects may marijuana have on the babies of pregnant women who smoke marijuana? _____________________________________________________________ 17. Open the The Split Brain Experiment ( http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/splitbrain/ ) What exactly is a "split brain" _____________________________________ Describe a person with a split brain: ________________________________________________________ 18. For Fun (if time permits) Memory Games -- http://www.zefrank.com/memory/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/fun/games/memory_game/ Brain Games - http://www.gamesforthebrain.com/ Eyetricks Games - http://www.eyetricks.com/braingames.htm Psychological Tests - http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/ Nervous System: Topic 2: Transmembrane potential Objective: Students will be able to describe the transmembrane potential. The Transmembrane Potential Resting Potential of a neuron is -70mV Cell Membrane of a neuron is called an axolemma Threshold The amount of stimulus needed to produce an action potential. Normally around -60mV. When threshold is reached sodium ions rush in and cause the membrane to depolarize until it reaches +30mV. Action potential The conducted impulse that goes down the axon It is started in the Axon hillock( area where soma and axon meet) All or none law All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. Refractory period A time period where the nerve cell does not respond to a stimulus. Absolute R. P. When there is no response to a stimulus. Relative R. P. When a large stimulus will produce a response. Conduction velocity action potential speeds up as axon diameter increases Myelin sheaths increase the velocity Continuous conduction On unmyelinated nerves, the wave goes down the Membrane, slower Saltatory conduction The impulse "leapfrogs" from one node of ranvier to Another, faster Cholinergic synapses o Release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. o Cholinesterase breaks the neuro-transmitter into acetate & choline. o The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron for production of more Ach. Adrenergic synapses (EPSP) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential o Norepinephrine (NE) (noradrenaline) is used to excite the postsynaptic nerve. Dopamine (IPSP) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential o is an inhibitor, slowing the neurotrans-mission of the nerve impulse. The reflex arc Afferent fibers o are axons of sensory neurons which synapse inside the CNS. Brings information to the CNS Efferent fibers o are the axons of motor neurons & extends into the periphery. Moves information from the CNS. o They can control muscles & glands. Interneurons (Association) o Coordinate the sensory & motor neurons o concerning complicated neural interactions. Stepping on a nail. Somatic reflexes o control skeletal muscles. Nervous System: Topic 2: Transmembrane potential Objective: Students will be able to describe the transmembrane potential. The Transmembrane Potential Resting Potential of a neuron is __________________ Cell Membrane of a neuron is called an _________________________ Threshold The amount of stimulus needed to produce an action potential. Normally around _________. When threshold is reached sodium ions rush in and cause the membrane to depolarize until it reaches ______________. Action potential The conducted impulse that goes down the axon It is started in the ___________( area where soma and axon meet) All or none law All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. Refractory period A time period where the nerve cell does not respond to a stimulus. Absolute R. P. When there is _________ response to a stimulus. Relative R. P. When a _________stimulus will produce a response. Conduction velocity action potential speeds up as axon diameter _________ Myelin sheaths increase the velocity Continuous conduction On unmyelinated nerves, the wave goes down the Membrane, _______________ Saltatory conduction The impulse "leapfrogs" from one node of ranvier to Another, __________________ Cholinergic synapses o Release ______________________ into the synaptic cleft. o Cholinesterase breaks the neuro-transmitter into acetate & choline. o The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron for production of more Ach. Adrenergic synapses ( ) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential o Norepinephrine (NE) (noradrenaline) is used to excite the postsynaptic nerve. Dopamine ( ) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential o is an inhibitor, slowing the neurotrans-mission of the nerve impulse. The reflex arc ____________________ o are axons of sensory neurons which synapse inside the CNS. Brings information to the CNS _____________________ o are the axons of motor neurons & extends into the periphery. Moves information from the CNS. o They can control muscles & glands. _____________________ (Association) o Coordinate the sensory & motor neurons o concerning complicated neural interactions. Stepping on a nail. Somatic reflexes o control skeletal muscles. Nervous System: Topic 2: The Brain Students will understand the complexity of the brain and be able to identify brain structures. The Brain has 35,000,000,000 neurons, each may receive 80,000 messages from as many synapses at one time needs time to process critical messages, the spine can react if emergencies exist. contains 98 % of the neural tissue of the body (1.4 Kg, 3 lb) Males have a 10% increase in volume compared to women. has folds to increase the surface to volume ratio. Brain Layers ( Meninges) Lobes of the Brain Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory) Temporal Lobe – hearing Occipital – vision Ventricles of the Brain Contain Cerbrospinal Fluid Central Canal Lateral Ventricle DuraMater: outermost layer Arachnoid mater: inbetween, no blood vessels Pia mater: inner most, contains nerves and blood vessels Regions Cerebrum (Telencephalon) forms paired cerebral hemispheres separated by corpus collosum receives sensory information directs contraction of voluntary skeletal muscles controls complex mental activities Diencephalon relay centers for the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus the thalamus controls many endocrine, or hormonal, glands Cerebellum balance and coordination Medulla (medulla oblongata) Myelencephalon also known as the brain stem has the respiratory & cardiovascular centers ( autonomic systems) Gross Anatomy Know the following parts: Central sulcus (shallow groove) Dura mater Pia mater Arachnoid space Corpus collosum Cerebrum Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata Diencephalon Longitudinal Fissure (separates right and left sides) Transverse Fissure (separates cerebrum from cerebellum) Thalmus Occipital Lobe Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Nervous System: Topic: Spinal Cord Objective: Students will be able to describe the anatomy of the spinal cord as well as the basic reflex categories. The Spinal Cord o measures 45 cm in length o decreases in size as the cord proceeds inferiorly o enlarges & elongates till about 4 years of age. o 2 elnlargements Cervical Enlargement supplies nerves to the shoulder and arms Lumbar enlargement provides nerves to pelvis and legs o There after, the spine grows, but the cord does not,so at adulthood, the cord goes only to L1 or L2. o o Gray matter surrounded by white matter o A cross section has a butterfly appearance Anterior horns: motor control Posterior horns: sensory control o is divided into 31 segments o each segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia that contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. o A ganglia is a mass of nerve cell bodies in the PNS o A pair of ventral roots contain the axons of motor neurons. Meninges Epidural Space o Loose connective tissue, blood, fat Dura Mater o Subdural Space Arachnoid Pia Mater o Blood vessels, connects to nervous tissue Nerves See page 383 of your text, tables 14 - 9 and 14 - 11. Different Types of Sensory Neurons Somatic sensory neurons monitor outside world Exteroceptors provide information about the external enivornment though senses Proprioceptors monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints Visceral sensory neurons, or interoceptors monitor internal operations Part of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Reflexes The tendon jerk reflex A rapidly stretched muscle will contract. Patellar Reflex Ipsilateral Withdrawal reflexes remove the body part from a source of stimulation (pain). Ipsilateral Crossed Extensor Reflexes The ipsilateral side contracts, & contralateral extends This involves "higher level brain involvement" Nervous System: Topic: Spinal Cord Objective: Students will be able to describe the anatomy of the spinal cord as well as the basic reflex categories. The Spinal Cord o measures __________ cm in length o _____________ in size as the cord proceeds inferiorly o enlarges & elongates till about ____________years of age. o There after, the spine grows, but the cord does not,so at adulthood, the cord goes only to_________ or _________. o 2 elnlargements _______________ Enlargement supplies nerves to the shoulder and arms _________________enlargement provides nerves to pelvis and legs o ____________ matter surrounded by ____________ matter o A cross section has a butterfly appearance Anterior horns: ______________control Posterior horns: _____________control o is divided into ___________________segments o each segment is associated with a pair of ___________________ that contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. o A _________________ is a mass of nerve cell bodies in the PNS o A pair of ________________________ contain the axons of motor neurons. Meninges Epidural Space o Loose connective tissue, blood, fat _______________________ Subdural Space _______________________ ________________________ o Blood vessels, connects to nervous tissue Nerves See page 383 of your text, tables 14 - 9 and 14 - 11. Different Types of Sensory Neurons Somatic sensory neurons monitor ___________________ Exteroceptors provide information about the__________________though senses Proprioceptors monitor the position of _____________ muscles and joints Visceral sensory neurons, or interoceptors monitor ____________operations Part of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Reflexes The tendon jerk reflex A rapidly stretched muscle will contract. ________________________________ Ipsilateral Withdrawal reflexes remove the body part from a source of stimulation (pain). _______________________ Crossed Extensor Reflexes The ipsilateral side contracts, & contralateral extends This involves "______________________ brain involvement"