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Study of the Nerve (Nervous System) Neurology Objectives: To be able to identify different structures of the brain and nerves. To explain the functions of the nervous system. To explain how memory, emotions, consciousness, sleep, communication, and nerves work. To relate the functions of the brain to disorders and items that alter brain function. What does the brain do? It gives the signals that make our bodies move. It has our heart beat faster when needed. It is our creativity, intelligence, memory, emotions, personality. It interprets what we see, hear, taste, smell and touch. Brain function Linked to nerves and sensors in the nervous system Also works with the endocrine system Regulate growth Regulate reproduction Etc. Reading Assignment Read: “Memory and emotions” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Emotions Limbic system and hypothalamus play a major role in our emotions Autonomic nervous system Releasing hormones into the pituitary gland Common Emotions: Anger Disappointment Happiness Sadness Excitement Limbic System (Part 1) Controls our pleasure and pain Guards against dangerous situations Controls sexual instincts Limbic System (Part 2) Parts of the brain: Cingulate gyrus modifies behavior/emotions Fornix nerves linking different parts Amygdala fear of danger/falling/being attacked Hippocampus memory Memory Sensory Memory Keeps memories for seconds Sights/sounds Short-term Memory Keeps memories for minutes to hours Long-term Memory Consolidation occurs where short-term items are transferred by the hippocampus to long-term memory 3 forms (next slide) Long-Term Memory Procedural Memory Skill learned through practice Semantic Memory Words, language, facts, meanings Episodic Memory Events Learning All of our knowledge is learned Memorize facts and figures Vocabulary Most of our behavior is learned Mannerisms Tone and inflection of voice Table manners Questions to Answer: 1. How does an infant learn something? 2. How do young adults learn things? 3. What is needed in order for something to enter our long-term memory? Reading Assignment Read: “Consciousness and Sleep” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Being Alert (versus asleep) Reticular Activating System (RAS) Located in the brain stem Neurons reach deep into the cortex of the brain Receive input from eyes/ears/spinal cord Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Alertness and concentration Serotonin Sleep and mood Dopamine Regulates movements Sleep “Regeneration Cycle” Allows the body to rest Adults need 3-4 hours of sleep a night (most get 7-8) Infants and young children need MUCH more (16-20) Teens need approximately 8-10 hours a night Thought patterns are separated from the world Gives the brain time to sort and store information Allows for “housekeeping” – efficient memory storage Triggered and maintained by neurotransmitters that are released by the RAS Brain Waves Electroencephalograph Record of the electricity of the brain Three different types: Alpha Waves Beta Waves Delta Waves Alpha Waves Occur when brain is awake but relaxed Beta Waves Occur during intense activity Delta Waves Occur during deep sleep Sleep Patterns NREM Sleep Stands for non-rapid eye movement sleep Stages 1 – 4 Sleeper moves about but brain activity is very low. REM Sleep Stands for rapid eye movement sleep Body does not move (immobile), eyes move a lot Stages of Sleep NREM Sleep: Stage 1 EEG Alpha waves Body is relaxed Person easily roused (wakes if disturbed) Stages of Sleep NREM Sleep: Stage 2 EEG Irregular Difficult to rouse sleeper Stages of Sleep NREM Sleep: Stage 3 EEG Delta waves begin to appear Decrease in vitals Breathing Heart rate Body temperature Stages of Sleep NREM Sleep: Stage 4 EEG Delta waves prominent Vital Signs are at their lowest Difficult to arouse sleeper Stages of Sleep REM Sleep EEG Alpha Waves appear Vital signs increase Skeletal muscles inhibited (do not move) Dreaming Occurs Dreams Almost everyone dreams (however, we may forget them) Possible reasons why we dream Results of nerve cells firing at random Plays a part in memory storage Old being removed, new ones being filed Reveal hidden anxieties Be a window into human subconscious Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Questions to Answer: 1. What is the purpose of sleep? 2. What triggers our brain to sleep? 3. How many hours a night does a teen NEED to sleep? 4. Describe a typical sleep pattern. 5. When do we dream? 6. Describe the three explanations for why we dream. Which one do you think is the most plausible and why? Reading Assignment Read: “Nervous System” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Nervous System Most complex system in our body Communication Network Controls everything along with the endocrine system Nervous System Functions Sensory Notices changes inside and outside of the body Eyes, ears, pressure/pain receptors, chemicals Integrative Analyzes sensory information Modifies or begins a response Motor Stimulate or inhibit muscles and glands Central Nervous System Abbreviation: CNS Command center of the nervous system Consists of: Brain and spinal cord Coordinates all activities Analyzes signals and based on past experiences, sends out instructions Peripheral Nervous System Abbreviation: PNS Relay’s messages between the CNS and body Made up of bundles of nerves Has 3 divisions: Sensory Somatic Autonomic Sensory Division Gathers information from sensors to update the CNS Somatic Division Conscious control of skeletal muscles Autonomic Division Internal organs controlled Neuron Basics Neurons are also called Nerve Cells Carry electrical impulses to other nerves Electricity “jumps” from one neuron to another at a chemical junction called a synapse. Rapid Response Nerves communicate fast! 330 feet per second Millions of signals occur at one time. Questions to Answer: 1. What are the two divisions of the Nervous system? And what are they composed of? 2. Why is the autonomic division of the nervous system important? Give an example 3. Using a soccer player as an example, give an example of 8 different things that the nervous system does to help the player perform. Reading Assignment Read: “The Brain” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked The Brain Weighs approximately 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds) Control center of the body 100 billion neurons 1 trillion synapses Energy demanding Uses 1/5 of the body’s oxygen and yet is only 2 % of the total body weight Brain gets energy/oxygen 1st when there is a high demand Cerebrum - Forebrain Part 1 Largest part of the brain – 85% of brain’s weight Made up of White and Gray matter Cerebrum - Forebrain Part 2 Thalamus Relays sensory nerve impulses to the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Controls endocrine system and regulates sleep Corpus Callosum Bundle of axons (part of the nerve) and connects the right and left hemispheres Cerebrum - Forebrain Part 3 Frontal Lobe Thought, emotion, speech, skilled movements Located in front of the central sulcus Parietal Lobe Perceives sensations (touch, pain) Located between the frontal and occipital lobe and above the Sylvian fissure Occipital Lobe Detects and interprets visual images Located behind the parietal lobe (back of the head) Temporal Lobe Recognizes sounds, memory storage Located on the sides of the head, near the temples, below the Sylvian fissure White and Gray Matter White Matter Made up of Nerve Fibers (Cells) Gray Matter Controls higher brain functions (thought) Cerebral Cortex Brain Stem Connects the Cerebrum (Forebrain) to the spinal cord Relays nerve impulses between the brain and spinal cord Controls heart rate and breathing Made up of three parts: Midbrain – upper portion Pons - middle Medulla – connects to spinal cord Cerebellum Means “little brain” Located under the Cerebrum and behind the brain stem Controls muscle movement and balance Brain Protection Part 1 Skull Bone Brain Protection Part 2 3 meninges (membranes) Pia Mater – surface of the brain Arachnoid - middle Dura Mater – surface of the skull Brain Protection Part 3 Cerebrospinal Fluid Found in the subarachnoid space (Between the Pia Mater and Arachnoid) Nourishes the brain Protects the brain (cushion) Brain Features Hills and Valleys Ridges (humps) and grooves that increase the surface area Gyri (singular: gyrus) Ridge of the brain Sulci (singular: Sulcus) Groove of the brain Fissure Deep groove of the brain Brain Assignment #1: 1. Label the following structures on the picture of a brain: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The 4 different lobes Cerebellum Brain stem Cerebrum (forebrain) Sulcus Gyrus 2. Fill in the names of each part of the brain on the back of the sheet. Use your handout and notes as a guide Reading Assignment Read: “Cerebral Activities” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Cerebral Activity The brain’s purpose: To process and store information Different regions of the brain have their own function, and many work together to complete complex functions White and Gray Matter White Matter Made up of Neuron Axons “Wiring” of the brain Gray Matter Made up of Neuron cell bodies Surface of the brain Broca’s Area Produces speech Wernicke’s Area Interprets spoken and written language Prefrontal Cortex Abstract thought (problem solving, planning) Visual Association Cortex Analyzes patterns in visual information. Compares to items previously seen Forms images Premotor Cortex Coordinates complex movements Driving, using a keyboard Corpus Callosum Bridge of nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain Right side of brain controls left side of the body Left-handed people tend to have a greater appreciation for the arts, music, recognizing faces They are Right Brain dominant Left side of brain controls right side of the body Right-handed people tend to be better with problem solving, numbers and language They are Left Brain dominant Reaction Times Do you always think before your body reacts? Sports – not enough time to make conscious decisions Tennis – eyes, arms, legs Baseball – eyes, arms, body Do we think about how we are going to pick up a small object? Often our body reacts by reflexes. Questions to Answer: Reaction times are faster than our brain can think. 1. How do our brains know how to react? 2. What do we need to do to increase our reaction times? 3. How is having a fast reaction time beneficial to us? Complete Lobes of the Brain Dominoes and attach to the above questions. (Directions on next slide) Lobes of the Brain Dominoes Cut out the dominoes Match each word with its correct description. The dots will line up and you will create a rectangle if you do it correctly. Glue to a piece of paper, put your name on it, turn it in. Reading Assignment Read: “Neurons” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Neurons Neurons are only found in the Nervous System Highly specialized cells Carry electrical signals Act like wires Act like batteries Neurons “charge” themselves then “fire” by reversing their charge to send electrical impulses along their “wires” Can not divide once matured Can not be replaced when damaged. Types of Neurons Sensory Triggered by stimuli (light/touch/etc) Strength of stimulus affects the rate of neuron response Association (Intermediate or Relay) Process information, issue commands Motor Body response (muscles) Neuron Structure Cell Body Swelling Nucleus found here (as well as mitochondria and other organelles) Axon Long fiber up to 1 yard (1 meter) long Sends signals away from cell body Terminals produce neurotransmitters Dendrites Short filaments Receives signals from neighboring axons Node of Ranvier Gap between Schwann cells on the axon Schwann Cell Glial cell that wraps itself around an axon Creates a myelin sheath Synapse Chemical junction “connecting” neurons. Supporting Cells 9/10 of nervous system are supporting cells (1/9 are neurons) Glial cells Can replace themselves if damaged Different types: Astrocytes Supply neurons with nutrients Schwann cells Provide protection and insulation for the neurons Others (bacteria eaters, etc) Schwann Cells Can replace themselves if damaged Cells that wrap themselves around neurons Myelin Fatty substance Insulates the axon of the neuron Keeps electrical charge from “leaking” or diminishing. Separated from adjoining Schwann cells by small gaps called Nodes of Ranvier (nodes for short) High Speed Impulse Neurons CAN fire up to 2,500 times per second Impulses CAN travel at 218 mph (350 kmh) When a neuron is at rest, it pumps electrically charged ions across its cell membrane and waits. When triggered, the neuron allows the ions to rush back across the membrane, reversing the charge Questions to Answer: 1. Why is a frame attached to a person’s head with screws important while doing brain surgery? 2. How does a neuron work? 3. How fast is a neuron? 4. Draw a nerve cell and label its parts. Reading Assignment Read: “Synapses” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Synapses Most found between neurons (some are between a neuron and another cell) Synaptic bulb Swelling and the end Produce neurotransmitters Chemicals that “communicate” with adjoining cells Work like a one-way switch (they only work in one direction) Trillions of these in the nervous system Extra synapses form where “circuits” are used frequently Playing an instrument gets easier with practice How do synapses work? Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles Released at the edge of the synaptic bulb Travel the small gap (cleft) Enter receptor sites Broken down by enzymes Drugs Stimulants Caffeine Reduce the amount of neurotransmitter needed to have a neuron fire Neurons fire more often Depressants Alcohol Increase the amount of neurotransmitter needed to have a neuron fire Neurons fire less Neurotoxins Switch synapses on or off permanently. Paralysis Synapse turned on permanently Unable to breathe Synapse turned off permanently Fatal dose one-millionth of a gram Found in nature: Bacteria Black widow Poison dart frogs Bug spray Questions to Answer: Reading Assignment Read: “Nerves” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Nerves Contain millions of individual neurons Nerves Carry two-way traffic Sensory Neurons – impulse travels towards the CNS Motor Neurons– impulse travels to the muscles (away from CNS) Buried deep in the muscles Except: Ulnar nerve Elbow (humerous) Tingling sensation Sciatic nerve Longest and thickest nerve in the body Controls the thigh muscles that bend the leg Sciatica Pain can radiate down the leg and up the back Pregnant women have a big issue Inside the Nerve Fascicles Axons grouped together Wrapped in perineurium Several fascicles grouped together Wrapped in an epineurium Blood vessels and fat-containing cells also found in here Flexible Cell bodies found in swellings called ganglia Major Nerves Part 1 12 pairs of cranial nerves All control the head and neck region except one Vagus nerve Controls muscles and glands such as the heart, lungs, and stomach Major Nerves Major Nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Sciatic Controls thigh muscle Ulnar Controls muscles that bend the wrist and fingers Phrenic Controls diaphragm Intercostal Control the muscles between the ribs Part 2 Reading Assignment Read: “Spinal Cord” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked Reading Assignment Read: “Reflexes” Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items Make comments in the margin about the items you picked