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The Nervous System The Nervous System Neurons (Nerve Cells) Fundamental cellular units of the central and the peripheral nervous system Receive, process and transmit information/ chemical and electrical signals Dendrite Receives information from other neurons or the external environment Cell body (soma) Has typical cell components used for cell maintenance Axon Transfers information to other neurons Axon terminal is where the synapse is located/ structure that passes an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron Sensory neurons (afferent) send impulses to the brain and spinal cord Motor neurons (efferent) send impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the glands and muscles throughout the body Neuroglia/ Glial Cells / Glia Ø Nerve glue Ø Do not transfer any information Ø Provide metabolic support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems Ø More numerous than neurons? The Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS)/ Brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Ø Bundles of nerve fibers or axons that conduct information to and from the central nervous system Ø Includes sensory neurons and motor neurons Central Nervous System (CNS) Coordinates the actions of the voluntary muscles and the conscious thought processes The Brain The Developing Brain Ø By the age of six, 95% of the brain is formed Ø A growth spurt in adolescence occurs in the frontal cortex, where the “executive functions” of planning, organization, and rational thinking are controlled Ø By the early to mid 20s, a more mature adult brain results The Teenage Brain Spinal Cord The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain Meninges Membrane covering the brain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord These nerves form the communication network between the CNS and the body parts Peripheral Nervous System is divided into: The somatic nervous system (SNS)/ voluntary activities The autonomic (ANS) nervous system/ involuntary activities Sympathetic nerves prepare the body for stress and action in times of emergency/ slowing digestion, increasing heart rate, respiration and blood pressure Parasympathetic nerves restore the body’s systems to normal once the emergency is over