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اھم اﻟﻧﻘﺎط اﻟوارده ﻓﻰ اﺳﺋﻠﮫ اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎرى 1- type of muscular tissue: A) smooth (involuntary&unstriated) B) skeletal (voluntary &striated) Training questions on nerve and muscle physiology and autonomic C) cardiac nervous system (involuntary&striated) 2) active transport requires Answer the following questions: nub dentistry galaxy 2016 ATP & carrier but simple diffusion requires material move downhill I) Choose the best correct answer 3) depolarization & hyperpolarization due to Na 1) Mature Neurons in CNS conductance but repolarization K conductance a- can divide or proliferate 4) -ve after potential is due to b- can not divide or proliferate delay in K conductance but c- have high metabolic rate +ve is due to activate Na pump d- depend mainly on glucose to obtain energy 5) neurons are the structural e- need high amounts of oxygen and functional unit of nervous f- have low metabolic rate system g- a, c, d and f ودﻟوﻗﺗﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻧﺗﻛﻠم ﻋن اﻻﺳﺋﻠﮫ اﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺳﺎل h- b, c, d and e ﻓﯾﮭﺎ وھﻰ: Properties of neurons 1 - mature neurons can not 2) Cardiac muscles are divide or proliferate a- voluntary 2- they have high metabolic b- involuntary rate function shape c- striated 3- they depend mainly on 1-sensory or d- unstriated 1-unipolar glucose to obtain energy afferent e- a and c 4- they need high amounts of 2-bipolar 2-motor or oxygen. f- b and d 3-multi polar efferent ﺗﻘﺳﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺣﯾث g- b and c 3- connector 3) Depolarization of nerve and muscle fibres is due to a- induction of K+ conductance b- induction of Na+ conductance c- Na+-K+ pump d- activation of K+ channels 4) After its output from sarcoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasm in the muscle fibre, Ca2+ binds to a- tropomyosin b- troponin C c- actin d- myosin heads to cause dislocation of tropomyosin to uncover myosin binding sites on actin to bind myosin heads. 5) Skeletal muscles are a- voluntary b- involuntary c- striated 1 yahya saad d- unstriated e- a and c f- b and d nub dentistry galaxy 2016 6) The sympathetic nervous system in innervated in the emergency states to a- increase the heart beat rate b- increase the respiratory rate c- increase the breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose d- stimulate the gastrointestinal tract motility and secretion e- a, b and c f- b, c and d 7) Active transport requires a- ATP b- carrier c- ATP and carrier d- materials move downhill 8) Repolarization of nerve and muscle fibres is due to a- induction of K+ conductance b- induction of Na+ conductance c- Na+-K+ pump d- activation of Na+ channels 9) -ve after potential is due to a- delay in K+ conductance b- activated Na+ pump c- delay in Na+ conductance 10) Hyperpolarization of nerve fibres is due to a- induction of K+ conductance b- induction of Na+ conductance c- induction of Na+-K+ pump d- activation of Na+ channels 11) Smooth muscles are a- voluntary b- involuntary c- striated d- unstriated e- a and c f- b and d yahya saad 2 nub dentistry galaxy 2016 12) The neurons are classified according to their shape into: a- unipolar b- bipolar c- multipolar d- motor e- a, b and c f- a, b and d 13) The neurons are classified according to their function into: a- Sensory or afferent b- unipolar c- bipolar d- multipolar e- motor or efferent f- connector g- b, c and d h- a, e and f yahya saad II) Mark right or false and correct the wrong meanings: 1- Cardiac muscle of atria or ventricle acts as motor unit and the skeletal muscle as a whole acts as a single motor unit. ( bi ) 2- Oligodendroglia cells form myelin sheath outside CNS while Schwann cells form myelin sheath inside CNS. ( اﻋ)ﻛس 3- The stimulus must be strong enough to depolarize the membrane of nerve fibre to the threshold potential or higher than threshold potential true to produce action potential. ( ) 4- The action potential in neurons moves unidirectional from axon terminals to axon to cell body to dendrite. ( اﻋﻛ)س 5- The signals are chemically transmitted from dendrite to cell body to axon while they are electrically transmitted from axon terminals to dendrites or cell body of the following neuron through synapses. ( اﻋﻛ)س 6- The dislocation of calcium far from sodium channel or conformational change of channel as a result of stimulation of nerve fibre led to increase of output of potassium and repolarization of the nerve fibre membrane. ( ) ﺻﺢ 3 yahya saad nub dentistry galaxy 2016 7- Hyperpolariztion of nerve fibre membrane is due to delay in the potassium conductance while –ve after potential is due to activation of sodium pump during this period. ( +ve) only 8- Nerves, muscles and connective tissues are excitable tissues. ( ) 9- The postganglionic fibre of parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine that binds muscarinic receptors on the effector organs. ( ) ﺻﺢ 10- The postganglionic fibre of sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine that binds adrenergic receptors on the effector organs. ( )ﺻﺢ 11- All cranial nerves are mixed nerves while spinal nerves are sensory, motor and mixed nerves. ( اﻋ)ﻛس 12- The transmission of signals in chemical synapses from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic membranes is electrical. ( ) chemical 13- The action potential is produced when the stimulus depolarizes the membranes to values lower than threshold potential. ( higher ) 14- Polarization of the nerve or muscle membrane is due to increase in the entrance of sodium conductance which exceeds the output of potassium. ( ) اﻋﻛس III) Define 1) Excitability is the ability to recieve &respond to stimulus 2) Excitable tissues 3) Synapse the junction between two neurons are thoses which can respond to stimulus to produced action potentials 4 yahya saad nub dentistry galaxy2016 The action potential is produced when the stimulus depolarizes the membranes to values higher than threshold potential. 4) Action potential 5) Neuromuscular Junction it is the junction between axon terminals & sarcolemma of muscle fibres IV) Mention the functions of of the following: 1) Astroglia cells 1- connect neurons with blood vessels 2- maintain the homeostasis of components in the extracellular fluid between neurons 3- secrete growth factors 2) Microglia cells engulf microbes like bacteria involved in the phagocytosis of unwanted substance 3) Schwann' s cells form myelin sheath outside Cns 4) Oligodendroglia cells form myelin sheath in CNS 5) Sympathetic nervous system 1-increase heart heart beating rate 2- elevate blood pressure 3-dilate the eye pupil 4- dilate the branchi &trachea 5- inhibits secretion of GL 6- Parasympathetic nervous system increase in the secretion of GL 5 yahya saad nub dentistry galaxy 2016 V) Using the items in this table, compare between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Characteristics Sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system Origin of preganglionic nerve Position of autonomic ganglia Length of preganglionic nerve axon Neurotransmitter in ganglion Receptor type in ganglion Length of postganglionic nerve axon Effector organs Neurotransmitter in Effector organ Receptor type in effector organ Functions VI) Briefly, mention the steps involved in muscle contraction (sliding filament theory) With my best wishes and success Prof. Dr. Osama M. Ahmed 6 yahya saad