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Chapter 3: Module 08 The Brain Brain Module 8: The Brain 4 Lower-Level Brain Structures: #1: Brainstem Oldest part of the brain Spinal cord and brain meet Automatic survival functions Medulla Base of brainstem Controls life-supporting functions Damage = Death. Reticular Formation Nerve network up and down spinal cord. Controls level of alertness. Damage = Coma. #2: Thalamus Sits atop the brainstem Brain’s sensory switchboard All senses except smell! #3: Cerebellum Controls balance, muscle coordination and memories on how to use your body. Walking Playing guitar Damage = Loss of fine coordination skills. #4: Limbic System Hypothalamus Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature and the fight or flight reaction to stress. Hippocampus Processes new memories for permanent storage. Amygdala Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger The Amazing Human Brain!!! Film Time…. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/in dex.cfm?guidAssetId=9BE0695B-36654189-84C8-A747E4E5FE8C Module 8: The Brain The Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Control and information processing center Contains 30 billion nerve cells Divided into 4 lobes Longitudinal, Central, Lateral Fissures Divides brain into hemispheres Called lobes Parietal Lobes Processing and mathematical reasoning “Sensory Strip” Band that registers and provides sensations Occipital Lobe Interprets visual information Located in the back of the head Temporal Lobes Hearing and some speech functions. Phineas Gage Film Time…. http://www.pbs.org/saf/1302/video/watc honline.htm http://www.learner.org/resources/series1 42.html Module 8: The Brain Hemispheric Differences: Language and Spatial Abilities Frontal Lobes Making plans and judgments “Motor Strip” Band that controls bodily movements Right Hemisphere Spatial abilities Art, Music, Emotions Connections between words Perceive, organize, distance Left Hemisphere Language functions (speech) 2 important parts of left brain: Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Broca’s Area Left frontal lobe Expressive language; muscle movement Damaged = form ideas but not express them as speech Ex. A stroke Wernicke’s Area Left temporal lobe Controls receptive language; our ability to understand what someone else says Half the Brain… Film Time…. http://www.pbs.org/saf/1302/video/watc honline.htm Neuron- a nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical information. --Dendrites: part of the neuron that receives info. from the axon. --Axons: carries messages to dendrites of another neuron. --Synapse: junction point of two or more neurons. --Vesicles: bubble-like containers of neurotransmitters; located at ends of axons. --Neurotransmitters: chemicals in the ends of neurons that send information across synapses. Central Nervous System- made up of the brain and spinal cord. --Spinal Cord: can act as a brain itself activating nerve impulses before we know it. (reflex) Peripheral Nervous System- all nerves other than those in the central nervous system. 2 Parts— 1) Somatic- composed of sensory & motor nerves. 2) Autonomic- automatic control system of body (breathing, heart rate, digestion, etc.) A. Sympathetic- energizes & prepares for emergencies B. Parasympathetic- conserves bodily energy & gets system back in balance. The End PET Scan of Wernicke’s Area PET Scan of Broca’s Area Broca’s Area This is the brain of “Tan” from whom Broca discovered the area for speech. Note the damage to Broca’s Area. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior Ms. McDonald Module 8: The Brain Brain Plasticity Plasticity The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions Greatest in childhood Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed Play “Image-Guided Surgery” (13:07) Segment #6 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition). Hemispheric Differences “Left-brained” vs. “right-brained” Divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity. Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum. Name of Concept Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation Name of Concept Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished The Brain’s Right Hemisphere Spatial abilities; connections between words To perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, understand geometric objects, etc. Helps in making connections between words Motor Cortex Area at the rear of the frontal lobes Controls voluntary movement Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body. The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa. Somatosensory Cortex Located in the front of the parietal lobes Registers and processes body senses Soma is Greek for “body.” Brainstem and Thalamus The Frontal Lobe Play “The Frontal Lobes: Cognition and Awareness” (9:05) Segment #7 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2c from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2d from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the “Readme” file on the CD-ROM. Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2e from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2f from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Split Brain Patient Play “The Divided Brain” (6:46) Module #5 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Language and the Brain Play “Language Centers in the Brain” (3:39) Segment #16 from Psychology: The Human Experience. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas Play “Language and Speech: Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas” (7:44) Module #6 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Brain Specialization Insert “Brain Imaging” Video #2b from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Brain Plasticity If desired, play “A Case Study of Brain Damage” (5:18) Segment #4 from Psychology: The Human Experience. This clip provides an introduction for segment #5 on Brain Plasticity. Play “Brain Plasticity” (6:21) Segment #5 from Psychology: The Human Experience. Brain Plasticity Play “Brain Anomaly and Plasticity: Hydrocephalus” (7:02) Module #7 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Corpus Callosum Tand of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and carries messages between them Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex