Download Reading 2 - Background to Psychobiology

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Reading2-BackgroundtoPsychobiology
NeuroanatomicalDirections–Thethreemainaxis
- Anterior-Posterior(Rostral–Caudal)
o NosetoTail
- Dorsal–Ventral
o Back(sharkfin)tostomach
- Medial–Lateral
o Middletothesides
OrganizationoftheNervousSystem
PeripheralNervousSystem
- Consistofthecranialnerves,
thespinalnerves,the
peripheralganglia
CentralNervousSystem
- ConsistoftheBrainandthe
Spinalcord
AutonomicNervousSystem
- Relayssensoryinformation
fromtheinternalorgansto
theCNS
- RelaysmotorinformationfromtheCNSbacktotheinternalorgans
SympatheticNervousSystem
- ConductssensoryinformationfromtheperipherybackintotheCNS
- ConductmotorinformationfromtheCNStotheskeletalmuscles
Organizationof
Brain
the
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TheForebrain
1.Telencephalon
CerebralCortex
- CorpusCallosum–Principalcommissureconnectingtheleftandrighthemispheretogether
- Gyrus(plural)–Thebumpscreatedbytwosulci
- Sulcus(plural)–Thespacebetweenthefoldsofthecerebralcortex
- Fissure–Aspacethatisnotcreatedbyafoldofthebrain
- Thewhitemattermostlyconsistofaxons
o Youcanthinkofthebrainasmanyserversthatareinterconnected(subcorticalandcerebral
cortex/differentareas)
o CalledwhitematterbecausethoseaxonsarecoveredwithMyelin
- TheLateralFissure–Separatesthetemporallobe
- CentralSulcus–Separatesthefrontalandparietallobe
- Longitudinalfissure–Theoneyouseebylookingatthebrainfromthetop
TheLobes
- Cytoarchitectonicmap–Mapofthecellulararchitectureofthedifferentregionsofthebrain
- BroadmannMap–Contains52differentregionsbasedoncellulararchitecture
FrontalLobes
- Extendfromthecentralsulcustotheanteriorportionofthebrain
- ContainsPrimarymotorcortex(area4),premotorcortex(area6),Broca’sarea(area44)andthe
prefrontalcortex.
- Receivesinformationfrom:
1. Thalamicnuclei
2. Hypothalamus
3. Limbicsystem
4. Otherlobes
- Functions
1. Workingmemory
2. Higherordercognitivebehaviors–Planning,organization,monitoringofrecentandprobable
eventsandtheemotionalvalueofsuchactions
TemporalLobes
- Allthetissueunderthelateral(Sylvian)fissure
- Containsthe:
1. Superiortemporalgyrus
2. Middletemporalgyrus
3. Inferiortemporalgyrus
- Richlyconnectedwithotherlobesandseemsthavetwokeyfunctions
1. Area22and41and42seemstobeconcernedwithauditoryandvisualperception
2. Hippocampusiscriticalforthecreationofnewmemory
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ParietalLobes
- Liebetweentheoccipitallobeandthecentralsulcus
- Contains:
1. Postcentralgyrus(area1-3)(akasomatosensorycortex)
- Functions:
1. Mentalrepresentation
2. Integrationofsensoryinformation
OccipitalLobe
- Locatedatthecaudalendofthecortex
- Contains:
1. Primaryvisualcortex(area17)(akastriatecortexorV1)
- Functions:
1. Vision
TheLimbicSystem
- Amygdala–Social/emotionalbehaviors
- Hippocampus–Memory
- CingulateCortex–Experienceandexpressionofemotions
- Fornix–Connectshippocampusandmammillarybodies
- Mamillarybodies
- Septum
TheBasalganglia
- IncludesthecaudateNucleusandthePutamen
2.Diencephalon
- Thalamusandhypothalamus
1. Sensoryrelays
TheMidbrain
Mesencephalon
1. Tectum–Superiorandinferiorcolliculi(auditoryandvisualrespectively)
2. Tegmentum–Containspartofreticularformationandisresponsibleinsensoryprocessing,
attention,arousal,sleep,muscletone,movementandreflexes
TheHindbrain
Metencephalon
- Cerebellum–Makesourmovementsmoothbyreceivingsensoryandmotorinformation
- Pons–SleepandArousal
Myencephalon
- MedullaOblongata–Containsnucleicontrollingbreathingandmuscletone
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CellsintheNervousSystem
GliaCells
- Themostprominent(10:1comparedtootherneurons)
1. Olygodendrocytes
2. SchwannCells
3. Astrocytes
4. Microglia
Neurons
- Soma
- PlasmaMembrane
- Dendrites
- Axons
- Synapses
NeuronsCommunicationsanditsMainNeurotransmitters
- NTsfollowingaresynthesizedwithinneurons
Acethylcholine
- Consistofcholineandacetate
- Foundinregionsservinglearningandmemory
- TherearetwokindsofAChreceptrors:
1. Nicotinicreceptors–IonotropicandfoundinmusclefibersaswellastheCNS
2. Muscarinicreceptors–MetabotropicandfoundintheCNS
TheMonoamines–Thecatecholamine
Dopamine
- Derivedfromtyrosine
- Involvedinmovement,rewards,planning,learningandmemory
Adrenaline/noradrenaline
- Producedbytheadrenalglandswhicharejustabovethekidney
1. createdwithindopaminecontainingsynapticvesicles
2. Involvedinaltertness,vigilance,wakefulness
Monoamines–TheIndoleamines
Serotonin
- Derivedfromtryptophan
- Regulationofmood,eating,pain,sleepanddreaming
AminoAcids
- CanalsoactasNT
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Glutamate
- Highlyresponsibleforenergymetabolism
- Cruciallyinvolvedinsynapticchangesunderlyinglearningandmemory(I.e.NMDA)
GABA
- Inhibitrysubstance
Peptides
- NeuronsintheCNSalsoreleasepeptides,whichcanactasopiatesforinstance
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