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C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 1 of 8 Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain Section One: Nervous System What’s ahead… •Why do you automatically pull your hand away from something hot? •Is it possible to consciously control things like heartbeat or blood pressure? •Which part of your nervous system activates in an emergency? Nervous System •Two major divisions – Central nervous system (CNS) – Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Somatic system – Autonomic system Central nervous system •Consists of the brain and _________________ •Two major functions –Carries sensory information from body to brain through afferent nerve fibers –Carries information from brain to muscles and glands through efferent nerve fibers –Involved in spinal reflexes Peripheral nervous system •Consists primarily of nerves •Two subdivisions C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 2 of 8 – Somatic system: connects CNS to ________________ muscles – Autonomic system: connects CNS to involuntary muscles, glands, and organs; divided into two major parts Autonomic nervous system •Sympathetic nervous system – Readies the body to expend energy •Parasympathetic nervous system – Readies the body for the restoration or conservation of ____________ Section Two: Communication in the Nervous System What’s ahead… •Which cells are the nervous system’s communicators and how to they “talk”? •How do learning and experience alter the brain? •Why do neural impulses travel more slowly in children than adults? •What happens when neurotransmitters are too low or too high? Neuronal structure •Three basic parts comprise a neuron – Cell body – center of the neuron – Axons – conducts action potential ___________ from cell body – _____________ – brings action potential towards cell body •There may be as many as 100 BILLION neurons in the human brain •Other neuronal parts – Myelin sheath – Glial cells C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 3 of 8 – Axon terminal buttons – Synapses Neuronal function •The purpose of the neuron is to transmit information within the brain •Communication within the neuron occurs through means of action potentials and graded potentials Graded potentials •Basic type of signal within neurons •Strength varies depending on strength of the _______________ stimulus •Usually carries info towards the cell body from the dendrite •If there is a large enough amount of graded potentials being generated, an action potential is released Action potentials •Basic signal of the nervous system •A change in the electric potential moving across the neuron •An ________________________ response – Occurs at full strength or not at all Synaptic transmission •Communication between different neurons occurs because of the release of ____________________________ (NTs) •NTs are released from synaptic vesicles and across the synaptic gap, where they are picked up by receptors C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 4 of 8 Neurotransmitters •Can be either excitatory or inhibitory •Many different types –Acetylcholine –Dopamine –Serotonin •Certain drugs can mimic the effects of NTs (agonists) or can inhibit the effects of NTs (antagonists) Endorphins •Chemical messengers that function similar to opiates – Reduce pain – Promote pleasure •Act primarily as neuromodulators, limiting or prolonging neurotransmitter effects •Shoot up when under ________________ •Also function to help with social bonding •Why would these be useful? Endocrine System •System designed for communication within the body •Consists of various glands that secrete _____________ into bloodstream –Includes the pituitary and adrenal glands Hormones •Regulate a variety of bodily processes C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 5 of 8 •Responsible for actions such as increasing heart rate or blood pressure, governing the function of sex organs, and metabolic regulation Section Three: Mapping the Brain What’s ahead… •Why are patterns of electrical activity called “brain waves”? •What are different scanning technologies that allow people to see the living, working brain? Studying the brain •Multiple methods to use •_____________ in animals •People with brain damage •Types of measurement Electroencephalograms •EEGs place electrodes on skull •Record neural activity Positron Emission Tomography •Records changes in brain by measuring blood flow, O2, or radiation •Shows which areas are active during which activities Magnetic Resonance Imaging •MRI uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to vibrate atoms C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 6 of 8 •Converts vibrations to high contrast pictures Section Four: A Tour of the Brain What’s ahead… •Which part is the “traffic officer” to incoming sensations? •Which part is the “gateway to memory” and what happens if it is damaged? •What is good about the brain being so wrinkled? Brain Stem •Oldest part of the brain (500 million years old) •Begins just above spinal cord and goes into middle of brain •Regulates _______________ processes Parts of brain stem •Medulla – breathing and heartbeat •Pons – sleep and arousal •Cerebellum – basic motor activities •Midbrain – primitive centers for vision and hearing •RAS – dense network of neurons, screens incoming info, arouses attention Cerebellum • On top of brain stem •Controls sense of balance, coordination •Remembers simple motor skills and reflexes C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 7 of 8 Thalamus •The “traffic officer” •Receives information from all the _____________ organs (except smell) •Sorts and transmits to different parts of the brain Hypothalamus •Three main roles •Regulation of autonomic nervous system •Homeostasis of body •Regulation of ____________________ behavior –i.e. eating, aggression, mating Pituitary Gland •Sends hormonal messages out to other glands Limbic system •A set of structures that play a role in emotional reactions •Amygdala – involved in aspects of emotional control and formation of highly emotional memories Hippocampus •Involved in the formation of new memories •Much information due to brain-damaged patients like H.M. Cerebrum •Largest part of brain C. Lack, Ph.D. PSY 2003 Chapter 4 Outline Page 8 of 8 •Two separate halves, connected by corpus callosum Cerebral cortex •Refers to the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres or “gray matter” •Much larger in humans compared to other _____________ •Fits in our skulls because it’s folded •The “association cortex” plays an important role in complex cognitive activities The Four Lobes •Frontal – motor control, speech production, planning •Parietal – somatosensory cortex •Occipital – vision •Temporal – hearing, language comprehension The Four Lobes •_________________ enables us to function even if one area of the brain is damaged •The injured section’s function will be “rerouted” to an undamaged section The Divided Brain •The hemispheres each show lateralization –They specialize in certain tasks •Right hemisphere – motor movements •Left hemisphere – verbal and speech tasks •The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres and allows them to communicate