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Name _____________________________ The Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System _______________ to internal and external stimuli _______________ nerve impulses to and away from CNS _______________ nerve impulses at the cerebral cortex Assimilate experiences in ______________________________ Initiate glandular secretions and ______________________________ Program ______________________________ Organs and Divisions of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS)— ______________________________ Peripheral nervous system (PNS)—all _______________ Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – ___________________________ _____________________________________________ Cells of the Nervous System _______________ Consist of three parts _______________ of neuron—main part _______________—branching projections that conduct impulses to cell body of neuron _______________—elongated projection that conducts impulses away from cell body of neuron Neurons classified according to ________________________ _______________ of impulse Sensory neurons: conduct impulses ______________ _______________; also called afferent neurons Motor neurons: conduct impulses _______________________________ to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons Interneurons: conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; also called central or ______________________________ Nerves Nerve—bundle of peripheral _______________ Tract—bundle of central axons White matter—brain or cord tissue composed primarily of ______________________________ (tracts) Gray matter—brain or cord tissue composed primarily of ____________________________________________ Nerve coverings—fibrous connective tissue _______________—surrounds individual fibers within a nerve _______________—surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers _______________—surrounds the entire nerve Reflex Arcs Nerve impulses are conducted from __________________________ over neuron pathways or reflex arcs Conduction by a reflex arc ______________________________ (i.e., contraction by a muscle or secretion by a gland) The simplest reflex arcs are two-neuron arcs—consisting of sensory neurons synapsing in the spinal cord with motor neurons; threeneuron arcs consist of sensory neurons synapsing in the spinal cord with interneurons that synapse with motor neurons Nerve Impulses Self-propagating wave of ______________________________ that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane; sometimes called ______________________________ Mechanism At rest, the neuron’s ______________________________ _______________ on the outside—polarized—from a slight ______________________________ on the outside A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron _______________ movement of Na+ depolarizes the membrane by making the ____________________________ than the outside at the stimulated point; this depolarization is a ______________________________ (action potential) The stimulated section of membrane immediately repolarizes, but by that time the depolarization has already triggered the next section of membrane to depolarize, thus propagating a wave of electrical disturbances (depolarizations) all the way down the membrane The Synapse Place where _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ (the postsynaptic neuron) Synapse made of three structures—synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and plasma membrane Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor molecules in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, opening ion channels and thereby stimulating impulse conduction by the membrane Neurotransmitters Actions Disorder Involving It _______________ -Triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the excretion of certain hormones -In CNS: involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression, etc. Alzheimer’s disease (lack of acetylcholine in certain areas of the brain) _______________ -Controls movement and posture, modulates mood, and plays a central role in positive reinforcement and dependency Parkinson’s disease (loss of dopamine in certain areas of the brain) ____________ (gammaaminobutyric acid) -Contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions; regulates anxiety Drugs that increase GABA in the brain are used to treat epilepsy and Huntington’s disease _______________ -Learning and memory Thought to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease, whose first symptoms include memory malfunctions _______________ -Attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning; also released as a hormone into the blood, where it causes blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase Mood disorders like manic depression _______________ -Regulating body temperature, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain Depression, impulsive behavior, and aggressiveness Central Nervous System (CNS) _______________ Divisions Brainstem Cerebellum Cerebrum _______________ Brain – Brainstem Consists of three parts, named in ascending order: _______________________________________ Structure—white matter with bits of gray matter scattered through it Functions All three parts of brainstem are two-way conduction paths Sensory tracts in the brainstem conduct impulses to the higher parts of the brain Motor tracts conduct from the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord Many important reflex centers lie in the brainstem Medulla oblongata __________________________________________________ Regulates _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Pons Helps ______________________________ from the cortex and the cerebellum Midbrain Associated with ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Brain – Cerebellum Second largest part of the human brain _____________________________________________ to produce coordinated movements so that we can maintain _____________________ ___________________________________________________________ Recent evidence shows the coordinating effects of the cerebellum may be more extensive, also assisting the cerebrum and other regions of the brain Brain – Cerebrum _____________________________________________ Outer layer of gray matter is the cerebral cortex; made up of lobes; composed mainly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons Interior of the cerebrum composed mainly of white matter (i.e., nerve fibers arranged in bundles called tracts) Functions of the cerebrum—mental processes of all types, including sensations, consciousness, memory, and voluntary control of movements Brain – Lobes of the Cerebrum ______________________________ Personality, behavior, emotions Judgment, planning, problem solving Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area) Body movement (motor strip) Intelligence, concentration, self-awareness ______________________________ Interprets vision (color, light, movement) ______________________________ Interprets language, words Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip) Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory Spatial and visual perception ______________________________ Understanding language (Wernicke’s area) Memory Hearing Sequencing and organization Deep Structures of the Brain ______________________________: hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual response, regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and secretion of hormones ______________________________: known as the “master gland,” it controls other endocrine glands in the body; produces many hormones ______________________________: regulates the body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin _______________: serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex ______________________________ (includes hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus) _______________: emotional reactions _______________: memory ______________________________: allows for communication between hemispheres Spinal Cord Columns of white matter, composed of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers, form the outer portion of the H-shaped core of the spinal cord; bundles of axons called tracts Interior composed of gray matter made up mainly of neuron dendrites and cell bodies Spinal cord tracts provide _____________________________— ascending and descending Spinal cord functions as the primary center for all spinal cord reflexes; sensory tracts conduct impulses to the brain, and motor tracts conduct impulses from the brain Coverings and fluid spaces of the brain and spinal cord Coverings Cranial bones (_______________) and _______________ Cerebral and spinal _______________ Fluid spaces Subarachnoid spaces of meninges Central canal inside cord Ventricles in brain Fluid ______________________________ – cushions and provides immune protection Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ______________________________ _______________—attached to undersurface of the brain Connect brain with the neck and structures in the thorax and abdomen ______________________________ _______________—contain dendrites of sensory neurons and axons of motor neurons Conduct impulses necessary for sensations and voluntary movements After exiting the vertebral column, they split, combine, and split again forming a plexus (there are 4) ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Autonomic Nervous System Responsible for controlling ______________________________ (heartbeat, breathing, digestion) Composed of two divisions: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system Sympathetic nervous system Serves as the _____________________________________________, controlling visceral effectors during strenuous exercise and when strong emotions (anger, fear, hate, or anxiety) are elicited Group of changes induced by sympathetic control is called the ________________________ Parasympathetic nervous system Dominates control of many visceral effectors under ______________________________