Download Nervous Regulation

Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes
Nervous Regulation
Functions of Regulation
 The ability of a cell to respond to its environment is called
_____________________________.
 Humans regulate the coordination of responses with both the
__________________________________________.
Mechanism of Nervous Regulation
 Nerve cells carry ______________ through an organism.
There are 2 types of structures that work with nerve cells.
 ______________________________________________
 __________– a specialized structure that responds to the commands of
the _______________________________
 __________________ - Anything that causes a receptor to start
impulses in a nerve pathway.
 There are 3 basic events in nervous regulation:
 __________________________________________
 Impulses are started in associated nerve pathways.
 _______________________ responds to the impulse
Structure of Neurons
 The neuron (nerve cell) is the basic structure in the nervous system.
 Consists of 3 main parts:
1. ___________ – contains the nucleus and organelles.
2. ______________ – short, highly branched fibers that
__________________________________________.
3. ______ – a long, thin fiber that extends from the cell body. Carry
impulses away from _______________ and sends them to
___________________________.
 ___________ cells – produce _____________which is a fatty white
substance that covers the axon
 Gaps in the _______________between schwann cells are called the
________________________________
Types of Neurons
 There are three types of neurons: __________________,
_______________________, & ___________________.
 Sensory neurons carry impulses from _______________
_____________________________________________.
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Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes
 Motor neurons carry impulses from the ______________ ______ to
__________________. The junction between nerves and muscles is
called a ______________ junction.
 ____________________ relay impulses from one neuron to another in
the brain and spinal cord.
The Synapse
 The axon ends in a __________________ which contains special
chemicals called ________________________.
 The space between the __________________________ of two neurons
is called the _____________________.
 When a nerve impulse reaches the synapse the ________ ___________
are released into the ________________.
 The _____________________diffuses across the gap and starts the
__________________________of the next cell.
 The nerve impulse cannot cross the gap without the neurotransmitter.
 The ___________ the impulse the more neurotransmitter that is
released.
 _______________ break down the chemical to clear the gap for the
____________________.
The Nerve Impulse
 When a neuron is resting the outside of the membrane has a
_______________ and the inside a _____________ charge. This is
called ___________________________.
 Sodium-Potassium pump – Active transport mechanism __________
___________that allows the ___________________. It actively pumps
____________ out of the cell to create the ______________________
inside the membrane.
 When a neuron is stimulated (heat, light, touch, pain etc.) ________
______________cross the neuron’s membrane. During the resting
potential the ____________________ do not cross the membrane
because the protein channels are _________________.
 Notice in the diagram (b) that the green protein channels are not
allowing the Na and K ions to cross the cell membrane; the impulse has
not been generated and the neuron is at a ____________________.
 During the ___________________ the nerve is stimulated and Na+ ion
____________________________________________________, thus
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Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes
activating the nerve impulse. This causes the K+ ion to _____________
of the neuron at the same time.
 ___________________ - a brief period where the nerve cannot be
_____________________________________.
Review of the nerve impulse:
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/
animation__the_nerve_impulse.html
Ch. 15 - The Human Nervous System
 The human nervous system has 2 sub systems:
1. ____________________________ – Brain & spinal cord
2. ________________________ – A vast network of nerves that conduct
impulses between the body and the CNS.
The Central Nervous System
 Controls ______________________________________.
 The brain is the most active organ in the human body.
 There are 3 major parts of the brain:
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
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Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes
The Cerebrum
 The cerebrum, the ______________ of the human brain, is divided into
_________________________________ connected to each other by
the _______________________.
 The hemispheres are covered by a thin layer of ___________________
known as the _____________________, the most recently evolved
region of the vertebrate brain.
 The cortex in each hemisphere of the cerebrum is between 1 and 4 mm
thick. Folds divide the cortex into four lobes: _____________________
_________________________________________________________
 No region of the brain functions alone, although major functions of
various parts of the lobes have been determined.
 The occipital lobe (back of the head) receives and processes _________
___________________________.
 The temporal lobe receives ___________________________________
________________________________________________________.
 The parietal lobe is associated with the ____________________ and
processes information about __________________________________
______________________________________________________.
 The frontal lobe conducts three functions:
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
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Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes
The Cerebellum
 Found below the _______________________________.
 Controls all ________ and some _________ movements.
 The cerebellum receives impulses from the muscles and then sends
impulses to the cerebral cortex to correct and
____________________________________.
 Also responsible for _____________________________.
 This region of the brain is enlarged in _________ and controls muscle
action needed for ________________.
The Medulla
 Located beneath the ________________ and connected to the
____________________________.
 Made mainly of nerve fibres that connect the ______________ to the
______________________.
 Responsible for controlling ___________________ such as
___________________________________________.
The Spinal Cord
 Connects the nerves of the _________________ nervous system with
the brain.
 Controls certain reflexes which are _________________ responses
The Brain
 Some other parts of the brain:
 Thalamus – serves as a relay centre between various parts of the
brain and spinal cord.
 Hypothalamus – helps control body temperature, blood pressure,
sleep and emotions.
 The Pons (midbrain) – links the spinal cord, medulla, cerebellum
and the cerebrum.
The Peripheral Nervous System
 The PNS has 2 parts:
1. The ____________ Nervous System – made up of _____ and ________
neurons. Connects the CNS to the ______ muscles,
__________________________.
2. The _____________ Nervous System – Made up of only ______
neurons. Controls the internal organs of the body.
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Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes
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The ANS has 2 divisions:
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
These 2 systems are antagonistic.
The autonomic nervous system is made entirely of ________________.
Impulses in this system start in motor neurons in the ______________
__________. The axons of these nerves ________________________
_________________________________________________________.
The axon of the original neuron synapses with a second motor neuron
which carries the impulse to its final destination.
Organs served by the ANS generally have nerve endings from both the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The organs are able determine which division the impulse is from
because the divisions use different _________________ in the organs.
The sympathetic uses ______________________ while the
parasympathetic uses _________________________.
You will not be required to know about reflexes or reflex arcs.
Sense Receptors – The Eye
Structure of the Eye:
1. ______________ – Tough outer layer (White of the eye). Provides
protection.
2. _______ – Transparent layer on the front of the eye.
_____________________________________________.
3. Choroid coat – Beneath the sclera. Contains the _______ ______ and
prevents light from reflecting within the eye.
4. Optic Nerve – Carries the image created by the ________
_________________________________.
5. Iris – The _________ part of the eye. Controls the
______________________ entering the eye by opening or closing the
pupil. The iris is controlled by the ______.
6. Lens – behind the iris. Focuses ___________________. Cilliary
muscles hold the lens in place and manipulate it’s size & shape to focus
the image.
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Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes
7. Retina – the innermost layer of the eye. Contains 2 types of light
receptors:
1. Rods: Sensitive to ______________________.
2. Cones: Sensitive to ______________________. 3 types of
cones – each type is sensitive to either
______________________________________.
Sense Receptors: The Ear
Structure of the ear:
 There are 3 parts to the ear: Outer, middle and inner ear.
 The Outer Ear
1. _________________ – Acts as a funnel for sound waves.
2. ________________ – carries the sound to the middle ear. Have glands
that produce ____________________.
3. _______________________________ – Stretches across the inner end
of the auditory canal
The Middle Ear
 An air filled chamber that begins at the _______________________.
1. Contains 3 tiny bones: _________________________________. They
form a chain across the middle ear that connects the _____________ to
the ________________________.
2. ______________ – a membrane that transmits the sound vibrations to
the ________________________.
3. ____________________ – equalizes the ______________ between the
___________________ and the outside of the body.
The Inner Ear
1. ________________ – The organ of hearing. Composed of
_____________________________________ that are sensitive to
___________. The sound is then transmitted as impulses to the brain
via the ____________________.
2. Semi circular canals – responsible for _______________.
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