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Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes Nervous Regulation Functions of Regulation The ability of a cell to respond to its environment is called _____________________________. Humans regulate the coordination of responses with both the __________________________________________. Mechanism of Nervous Regulation Nerve cells carry ______________ through an organism. There are 2 types of structures that work with nerve cells. ______________________________________________ __________– a specialized structure that responds to the commands of the _______________________________ __________________ - Anything that causes a receptor to start impulses in a nerve pathway. There are 3 basic events in nervous regulation: __________________________________________ Impulses are started in associated nerve pathways. _______________________ responds to the impulse Structure of Neurons The neuron (nerve cell) is the basic structure in the nervous system. Consists of 3 main parts: 1. ___________ – contains the nucleus and organelles. 2. ______________ – short, highly branched fibers that __________________________________________. 3. ______ – a long, thin fiber that extends from the cell body. Carry impulses away from _______________ and sends them to ___________________________. ___________ cells – produce _____________which is a fatty white substance that covers the axon Gaps in the _______________between schwann cells are called the ________________________________ Types of Neurons There are three types of neurons: __________________, _______________________, & ___________________. Sensory neurons carry impulses from _______________ _____________________________________________. 1 Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes Motor neurons carry impulses from the ______________ ______ to __________________. The junction between nerves and muscles is called a ______________ junction. ____________________ relay impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and spinal cord. The Synapse The axon ends in a __________________ which contains special chemicals called ________________________. The space between the __________________________ of two neurons is called the _____________________. When a nerve impulse reaches the synapse the ________ ___________ are released into the ________________. The _____________________diffuses across the gap and starts the __________________________of the next cell. The nerve impulse cannot cross the gap without the neurotransmitter. The ___________ the impulse the more neurotransmitter that is released. _______________ break down the chemical to clear the gap for the ____________________. The Nerve Impulse When a neuron is resting the outside of the membrane has a _______________ and the inside a _____________ charge. This is called ___________________________. Sodium-Potassium pump – Active transport mechanism __________ ___________that allows the ___________________. It actively pumps ____________ out of the cell to create the ______________________ inside the membrane. When a neuron is stimulated (heat, light, touch, pain etc.) ________ ______________cross the neuron’s membrane. During the resting potential the ____________________ do not cross the membrane because the protein channels are _________________. Notice in the diagram (b) that the green protein channels are not allowing the Na and K ions to cross the cell membrane; the impulse has not been generated and the neuron is at a ____________________. During the ___________________ the nerve is stimulated and Na+ ion ____________________________________________________, thus 2 Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes activating the nerve impulse. This causes the K+ ion to _____________ of the neuron at the same time. ___________________ - a brief period where the nerve cannot be _____________________________________. Review of the nerve impulse: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/ animation__the_nerve_impulse.html Ch. 15 - The Human Nervous System The human nervous system has 2 sub systems: 1. ____________________________ – Brain & spinal cord 2. ________________________ – A vast network of nerves that conduct impulses between the body and the CNS. The Central Nervous System Controls ______________________________________. The brain is the most active organ in the human body. There are 3 major parts of the brain: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 3 Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes The Cerebrum The cerebrum, the ______________ of the human brain, is divided into _________________________________ connected to each other by the _______________________. The hemispheres are covered by a thin layer of ___________________ known as the _____________________, the most recently evolved region of the vertebrate brain. The cortex in each hemisphere of the cerebrum is between 1 and 4 mm thick. Folds divide the cortex into four lobes: _____________________ _________________________________________________________ No region of the brain functions alone, although major functions of various parts of the lobes have been determined. The occipital lobe (back of the head) receives and processes _________ ___________________________. The temporal lobe receives ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________. The parietal lobe is associated with the ____________________ and processes information about __________________________________ ______________________________________________________. The frontal lobe conducts three functions: 1. __________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________ 4 Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes The Cerebellum Found below the _______________________________. Controls all ________ and some _________ movements. The cerebellum receives impulses from the muscles and then sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to correct and ____________________________________. Also responsible for _____________________________. This region of the brain is enlarged in _________ and controls muscle action needed for ________________. The Medulla Located beneath the ________________ and connected to the ____________________________. Made mainly of nerve fibres that connect the ______________ to the ______________________. Responsible for controlling ___________________ such as ___________________________________________. The Spinal Cord Connects the nerves of the _________________ nervous system with the brain. Controls certain reflexes which are _________________ responses The Brain Some other parts of the brain: Thalamus – serves as a relay centre between various parts of the brain and spinal cord. Hypothalamus – helps control body temperature, blood pressure, sleep and emotions. The Pons (midbrain) – links the spinal cord, medulla, cerebellum and the cerebrum. The Peripheral Nervous System The PNS has 2 parts: 1. The ____________ Nervous System – made up of _____ and ________ neurons. Connects the CNS to the ______ muscles, __________________________. 2. The _____________ Nervous System – Made up of only ______ neurons. Controls the internal organs of the body. 5 Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes 1. 2. The ANS has 2 divisions: Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System These 2 systems are antagonistic. The autonomic nervous system is made entirely of ________________. Impulses in this system start in motor neurons in the ______________ __________. The axons of these nerves ________________________ _________________________________________________________. The axon of the original neuron synapses with a second motor neuron which carries the impulse to its final destination. Organs served by the ANS generally have nerve endings from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The organs are able determine which division the impulse is from because the divisions use different _________________ in the organs. The sympathetic uses ______________________ while the parasympathetic uses _________________________. You will not be required to know about reflexes or reflex arcs. Sense Receptors – The Eye Structure of the Eye: 1. ______________ – Tough outer layer (White of the eye). Provides protection. 2. _______ – Transparent layer on the front of the eye. _____________________________________________. 3. Choroid coat – Beneath the sclera. Contains the _______ ______ and prevents light from reflecting within the eye. 4. Optic Nerve – Carries the image created by the ________ _________________________________. 5. Iris – The _________ part of the eye. Controls the ______________________ entering the eye by opening or closing the pupil. The iris is controlled by the ______. 6. Lens – behind the iris. Focuses ___________________. Cilliary muscles hold the lens in place and manipulate it’s size & shape to focus the image. 6 Biology 30 – Ch. 14 & 15 – The Human Nervous System Notes 7. Retina – the innermost layer of the eye. Contains 2 types of light receptors: 1. Rods: Sensitive to ______________________. 2. Cones: Sensitive to ______________________. 3 types of cones – each type is sensitive to either ______________________________________. Sense Receptors: The Ear Structure of the ear: There are 3 parts to the ear: Outer, middle and inner ear. The Outer Ear 1. _________________ – Acts as a funnel for sound waves. 2. ________________ – carries the sound to the middle ear. Have glands that produce ____________________. 3. _______________________________ – Stretches across the inner end of the auditory canal The Middle Ear An air filled chamber that begins at the _______________________. 1. Contains 3 tiny bones: _________________________________. They form a chain across the middle ear that connects the _____________ to the ________________________. 2. ______________ – a membrane that transmits the sound vibrations to the ________________________. 3. ____________________ – equalizes the ______________ between the ___________________ and the outside of the body. The Inner Ear 1. ________________ – The organ of hearing. Composed of _____________________________________ that are sensitive to ___________. The sound is then transmitted as impulses to the brain via the ____________________. 2. Semi circular canals – responsible for _______________. 7