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Psychology 101: Lecture 2 Neuroscience and Behavior Parts of a Neuron 3 main parts _________________ Receive information from other neurons _________________ (cell body) Cellular maintenance _________________ Transmits information to other neurons How a Neuron Works What do you know about how a neuron works? The Action Potential The signal _________________ a neuron Uses _________________ and Potassium What do these indicate? Threshold Not all _________________ signals are strong enough to create an Action Potential Must be strong enough: Reaches Threshold Major theories and terms to know If the input reaches threshold: get an Action potential If the input is too small to reach threshold: nothing happens Called an __________________________________ What about this? _________________ Period A short time when the cell cannot be active Sodium came inside the cell Potassium left the cell They must _________________ before the cell can be active again Other Parts to Know Axon _________________ Where the action potential begins Myelin Sheath Provides insulation to keep the signal strong Nodes of _________________ Breaks in the Myelin for regeneration of the Action Potential Regeneration of the Action Potential? Signal gets ____________________________ as it travels down the axon: allows the signal to stay strong Not all Neurons Look Alike The Synapse Communication _______________________ neurons Uses chemicals: Neurotransmitters How does it happen? The Action Potential causes the neurotransmitters to _________________ the current neuron and _________________ the signal to the next neuron Types of Neurotransmitters The big ones: Acetylcholine In _________________ Alzheimer’s Disease _________________ Learning and emotion Schizophrenia _________________ Mood, hunger, sleep Depression The Nervous System 2 nervous systems _________________ Muscles and interior part of the body _________________ Spinal cord and brain The Peripheral Nervous System Two divisions Somatic Nervous System Skeletal _________________ Autonomic Nervous System Two parts: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic One _________________ and one _________________ Theoretical Question Why would our body be separated into two systems like this? One system deals with calming the body and one deals with arousing the body? What are the implications of this? The Central Nervous System Spinal Cord _________________ How does the brain work? How is the brain organized? Is it one working whole? Is it a bunch of different parts that work separately? Phrenology Created by Franz Joseph Gall Different parts of the brain do __________________________________ A Phrenology Guide How correct was Phrenology? Phrenology was ________________________: The traits that were thought the be localized were wrong funny, thoughtful, cheerful Thought of the brain as a muscle: if someone is more cheerful than others, they would have a larger cheerful area, which would cause a bump in their skull to form Thus, phrenologists believed that you could feel the _________________ of a person and predict all sorts of things about them BUT Phrenology wasn’t all bad Different parts of the brain DO different things What different areas do you know about? The Brain 2 main divisions _________________ Cerebral Cortex The Brainstem _________________ part of the brain Responsible for critical activities (breathing, _________________) Thalamus Sensory input center Cerebellum “little brain” Motor control The Cerebral Cortex 4 main lobes _________________ High level functions, motor system _________________ Touch, integrating other senses _________________ vision _________________ audition The senses in the brain Sensory Pathways Vision isn’t just processed in one place It is processed in a series of _________________ The Limbic System Emotions are processed here _________________ Hypothalamus General Organization __________________________________ organized Left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa Language appears to be centered around the left hemisphere How do we study the brain? What type of device would be useful to figure out how the brain works? How can we study how the brain processes something like vision? Electroencephalography Measures the __________________________________ signals from groups of neurons An asleep brain vs an awake brain Neuroimaging Techniques PET and FMRI Examines blood flow in the brain ________________________ = active TMS Uses a wand to send pulses through the skull and target a brain area Can do two things: Send strong short pulses to _________________ the area targeted Send _________________ longer pulses to inhibit the area targeted Neurosurgical Studies ___________________________ Sectioning of corpus callosum as a treatment for medically intractable epilepsy Can study the separate contributions of the left and right hemispheres to various abilities/tasks Split Brain Video