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Psychology 101: Lecture 2
Neuroscience and Behavior
Parts of a Neuron
3 main parts
_________________
Receive information from other neurons
_________________ (cell body)
Cellular maintenance
_________________
Transmits information to other neurons
How a Neuron Works
What do you know about how a neuron works?
The Action Potential
The signal _________________ a neuron
Uses _________________ and Potassium
What do these indicate?
Threshold
Not all _________________ signals are strong enough to create an Action Potential
Must be strong enough: Reaches Threshold
Major theories and terms to know
If the input reaches threshold: get an Action potential
If the input is too small to reach threshold: nothing happens
Called an __________________________________
What about this?
_________________ Period
A short time when the cell cannot be active
Sodium came inside the cell
Potassium left the cell
They must _________________ before the cell can be active again
Other Parts to Know
Axon _________________
Where the action potential begins
Myelin Sheath
Provides insulation to keep the signal strong
Nodes of _________________
Breaks in the Myelin for regeneration of the Action Potential
Regeneration of the Action Potential?
Signal gets ____________________________ as it travels down the axon: allows the
signal to stay strong
Not all Neurons Look Alike
The Synapse
Communication _______________________ neurons
Uses chemicals: Neurotransmitters
How does it happen?
The Action Potential causes the neurotransmitters to _________________ the current
neuron and _________________ the signal to the next neuron
Types of Neurotransmitters
The big ones:
Acetylcholine
In _________________
Alzheimer’s Disease
_________________
Learning and emotion
Schizophrenia
_________________
Mood, hunger, sleep
Depression
The Nervous System
2 nervous systems
_________________
Muscles and interior part of the body
_________________
Spinal cord and brain
The Peripheral Nervous System
Two divisions
Somatic Nervous System
Skeletal _________________
Autonomic Nervous System
Two parts: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
One _________________ and one _________________
Theoretical Question
Why would our body be separated into two systems like this? One system deals with
calming the body and one deals with arousing the body?
What are the implications of this?
The Central Nervous System
Spinal Cord
_________________
How does the brain work?
How is the brain organized?
Is it one working whole?
Is it a bunch of different parts that work separately?
Phrenology
Created by Franz Joseph Gall
Different parts of the brain do __________________________________
A Phrenology Guide
How correct was Phrenology?
Phrenology was ________________________:
The traits that were thought the be localized were wrong
funny, thoughtful, cheerful
Thought of the brain as a muscle: if someone is more cheerful than others, they would
have a larger cheerful area, which would cause a bump in their skull to form
Thus, phrenologists believed that you could feel the _________________ of a person and
predict all sorts of things about them
BUT Phrenology wasn’t all bad
Different parts of the brain DO different things
What different areas do you know about?
The Brain
2 main divisions
_________________
Cerebral Cortex
The Brainstem
_________________ part of the brain
Responsible for critical activities (breathing, _________________)
Thalamus
Sensory input center
Cerebellum
“little brain”
Motor control
The Cerebral Cortex
4 main lobes
_________________
High level functions, motor system
_________________
Touch, integrating other senses
_________________
vision
_________________
audition
The senses in the brain
Sensory Pathways
Vision isn’t just processed in one place
It is processed in a series of _________________
The Limbic System
Emotions are processed here
_________________
Hypothalamus
General Organization
__________________________________ organized
Left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa
Language appears to be centered around the left hemisphere
How do we study the brain?
What type of device would be useful to figure out how the brain works?
How can we study how the brain processes something like vision?
Electroencephalography
Measures the __________________________________ signals from groups of neurons
An asleep brain vs an awake brain
Neuroimaging Techniques
PET and FMRI
Examines blood flow in the brain
________________________ = active
TMS
Uses a wand to send pulses through the skull and target a brain area
Can do two things:
Send strong short pulses to _________________ the area targeted
Send _________________ longer pulses to inhibit the area targeted
Neurosurgical Studies
___________________________
Sectioning of corpus callosum as a treatment for medically intractable epilepsy
Can study the separate contributions of the left and right hemispheres to various
abilities/tasks
Split Brain Video