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Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour Lecture 33 1 Exam: December 7th, 2012 7:00-9:30, OSBO A • The exam is worth 25% of your final grade. • The exam will be scored out of 60 points. • The exam will include 30 multiple choice questions (1 point each), 4 definitions (2 points each), and 5-6 short answer questions (2-6 points each, totaling 22 points). • The exam is not cumulative. The exam will include questions related to chapters 7-10 and all accompanying lecture material. 2 • Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams. • Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam. • All electronic devices must be put away before the start of the exam. • Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Please do not bring valuables to the exam. • Hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam. 3 Office Hours I will hold the following office hours in December to assist students with exam preparation: Tuesday, December 4, 12:30-1:30 Thursday, December 6: 2:00-4:00 Friday, December 7: 2:00-4:30 4 The Visual System 1. How is information about light relayed to the brain? 2. What are the major areas of the brain that are associated with the perception of light? 5 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. review the pathway by which visual information is transmitted from receptors to the brain. 2. identify the locations and functions of the primary cortex, secondary cortex, and association areas for the visual system. 6 From last class …. 7 Generation of an Action Potential in the Retina 8 How is information about light relayed to the brain? • Visual information is relayed to the brain via many pathways. The largest and most studied visual pathway is the retina-geniculate-striate pathway. • Within this pathway is the optic chiasm: at this point, axons from the nasal halves of the retinas “cross over” and ascend to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus. Thus, each hemisphere receives information from the contralateral visual field. 9 Retina-Geniculate-Striate Pathway 10 Retina-Geniculate-Striate Pathway 11 What are the major areas of the brain that are associated with the perception of light? • The thalamic neurons that receive visual information subsequently project the information to the primary visual cortex (V1). 12 Primary Visual Cortex 13 Primary Visual Cortex 14 • The retina-geniculate-striate pathway is characterized by retinotopic organization. • The primary visual cortex is organized into functional vertical columns (i.e., ocular dominance slabs, orientation columns). 15 Ocular Dominance Slabs and Orientation Columns 16 • Information received by the primary visual cortex is segregated into distinct pathways that project to areas of the secondary visual cortex and, then, the association visual cortex. • Two main pathways from the primary visual cortex have been identified: The ventral stream is associated with identifying visual stimuli (“what”); the dorsal stream is associated with determining location and perceiving movement (“where”). 17 The Dorsal and Ventral Streams 18 VI: Location, orientation, colour V2: Form, relays information V3: Form V4: Colour, form, concentric/radial stimuli Inferior temporal area: Form, pattern recognition V5 (Medial temporal area): Motion perception Prefrontal cortex: Facial recognition 19 The Visual System 1. How is information about light relayed to the brain? 2. What are the major areas of the brain that are associated with the perception of light? 20 Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour, Term 1 • • • • • • • Definitions Research Methods Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Neurotransmitters Neuropharmacology Hormones • • • • • • • Neurodevelopment Touch Hearing Vestibular perception Taste Smell Vision 21