GLAUCOMA
... neuropathy with loss of retinal neurons and their axons (nerve fiber layer) resulting in blindness if ...
... neuropathy with loss of retinal neurons and their axons (nerve fiber layer) resulting in blindness if ...
the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... Practically speaking, this means that visual acuity is reduced despite a normal structural eye examination due to the presence of at least one amblyopia risk factor early in life. These risk factors include deprivation (induced by congenital cataract or ptosis, for example), manifest strabismus of ...
... Practically speaking, this means that visual acuity is reduced despite a normal structural eye examination due to the presence of at least one amblyopia risk factor early in life. These risk factors include deprivation (induced by congenital cataract or ptosis, for example), manifest strabismus of ...
A network of topographic numerosity maps in human
... structure of sensory organs (such as the retina or cochlea) mapped onto the cortical surface. These sensory maps are hierarchically organized. For example, visual field maps contain neurons that represent increasing large parts of visual space with increasingly complex responses1. Some visual neuron ...
... structure of sensory organs (such as the retina or cochlea) mapped onto the cortical surface. These sensory maps are hierarchically organized. For example, visual field maps contain neurons that represent increasing large parts of visual space with increasingly complex responses1. Some visual neuron ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... surround stimulus from the CRF, we designed a second, simpler experiment that allowed us to focus on the timing of the onset of suppression. In this experiment, the optimal drifting grating for the CRF appeared on a mean gray background for 1 sec, and a surround stimulus appeared 400 msec later and ...
... surround stimulus from the CRF, we designed a second, simpler experiment that allowed us to focus on the timing of the onset of suppression. In this experiment, the optimal drifting grating for the CRF appeared on a mean gray background for 1 sec, and a surround stimulus appeared 400 msec later and ...
The Role of Temporal Structure in Human Vision
... human visual systems to simplify the grouping of local features into global forms and to promote the segregation of those forms from their backgrounds. Indeed, grouping and figure/ground segregation have constituted two of visual perception’s most enduring, widely studied problems. Dating back to th ...
... human visual systems to simplify the grouping of local features into global forms and to promote the segregation of those forms from their backgrounds. Indeed, grouping and figure/ground segregation have constituted two of visual perception’s most enduring, widely studied problems. Dating back to th ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... ments (reviewed by Schall 1997 and Tehovnik et al. 2000); neurons in the FEF carry diverse signals ranging from visual responses to saccade-related bursts of activity (e.g., Bruce and Goldberg 1985). A major projection of FEF neurons is to the superior colliculus (SC) (reviewed by Leichnetz and Gold ...
... ments (reviewed by Schall 1997 and Tehovnik et al. 2000); neurons in the FEF carry diverse signals ranging from visual responses to saccade-related bursts of activity (e.g., Bruce and Goldberg 1985). A major projection of FEF neurons is to the superior colliculus (SC) (reviewed by Leichnetz and Gold ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... was to explore these underlying short-term neural mechanisms that can sharpen the frequency selectivity at AC under selective attention. The topic was investigated by a psychophysical experiment where parametric changes in attention and background noise were used to bias the cortical responses. In t ...
... was to explore these underlying short-term neural mechanisms that can sharpen the frequency selectivity at AC under selective attention. The topic was investigated by a psychophysical experiment where parametric changes in attention and background noise were used to bias the cortical responses. In t ...
Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex
... Whole-field optokinetic stimulation was delivered by a light source within an opaque metallic sphere (11 cm in diameter). The sphere was pierced with numerous holes and located above the pigeon’s head. The ball projected a pattern of spots of ⬃2–3° on the spherical screen. The optokinetic ball was r ...
... Whole-field optokinetic stimulation was delivered by a light source within an opaque metallic sphere (11 cm in diameter). The sphere was pierced with numerous holes and located above the pigeon’s head. The ball projected a pattern of spots of ⬃2–3° on the spherical screen. The optokinetic ball was r ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... I gratefully thank Dr. Elizabeth Quinlan for offering me the opportunity to come here to pursue my Ph.D., for patiently guiding me through each step, and for making this process a joyful challenge. I sincerely thank my committee members: Dr. William Hodos, Dr. Catherine Carr, Dr Hey-Kyoung Lee and D ...
... I gratefully thank Dr. Elizabeth Quinlan for offering me the opportunity to come here to pursue my Ph.D., for patiently guiding me through each step, and for making this process a joyful challenge. I sincerely thank my committee members: Dr. William Hodos, Dr. Catherine Carr, Dr Hey-Kyoung Lee and D ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was strongly dependant on the spatial representation and interaction of visual and saccade related signals in the SC. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the neural m ...
... and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was strongly dependant on the spatial representation and interaction of visual and saccade related signals in the SC. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the neural m ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... location of peripheral stimuli (Chen et al. 2003). This finding suggests that neural processing is related to what the information is processed for (e.g., perception) rather than the stimulus characteristics. Thus, it is consistent with the idea that the purpose is at least as important when discuss ...
... location of peripheral stimuli (Chen et al. 2003). This finding suggests that neural processing is related to what the information is processed for (e.g., perception) rather than the stimulus characteristics. Thus, it is consistent with the idea that the purpose is at least as important when discuss ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... with a cue stimulus (e.g., a rain cloud). The cue is followed by presentation of two choice stimuli, from which the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some t ...
... with a cue stimulus (e.g., a rain cloud). The cue is followed by presentation of two choice stimuli, from which the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some t ...
Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
... change occurs for the standard stimuli as well and is associated with an N1 response. The second change is the change in some feature of the deviant stimulus from a preceding stimulus. This change occurs by itself if the stimulus is continuously on and just momentarily changes. For example, a contin ...
... change occurs for the standard stimuli as well and is associated with an N1 response. The second change is the change in some feature of the deviant stimulus from a preceding stimulus. This change occurs by itself if the stimulus is continuously on and just momentarily changes. For example, a contin ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual input. We then generalized this optimized encoding-decoding paradigm to deal with a number of robotics application in real-world tasks to investigate ...
... that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual input. We then generalized this optimized encoding-decoding paradigm to deal with a number of robotics application in real-world tasks to investigate ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... (3-8 Hz) power enhancement, most likely reflecting the event-related field (ERF) (Jutai et al., 1984). To avoid the ERF and the effect of its non-stationarity on Granger Causality (GC) estimation (Wang et al., 2008), further analyses use the data from 0.365 s after stimulus onset up to the stimulus ...
... (3-8 Hz) power enhancement, most likely reflecting the event-related field (ERF) (Jutai et al., 1984). To avoid the ERF and the effect of its non-stationarity on Granger Causality (GC) estimation (Wang et al., 2008), further analyses use the data from 0.365 s after stimulus onset up to the stimulus ...
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... Gabbiani et al. (2002; and supplementary material), consisting of alternating white and gray bars (30% contrast) rapidly moving at a temporal frequency of 50 Hz. This stimulus is well suited to activate feed-forward inhibition onto the LGMD. This rapid motion stimulus lasted 50 ms and was preceded a ...
... Gabbiani et al. (2002; and supplementary material), consisting of alternating white and gray bars (30% contrast) rapidly moving at a temporal frequency of 50 Hz. This stimulus is well suited to activate feed-forward inhibition onto the LGMD. This rapid motion stimulus lasted 50 ms and was preceded a ...
One Computer Scientist`s (Deep) Superior Colliculus
... limits the practicability of such systems. But it is not only computer science and robotics which can profit from the study of natural organisms. Neurorobotics can also provide validation for neuroscientific theories by testing them in real, controlled, and highly observable sensorimotor settings. A ...
... limits the practicability of such systems. But it is not only computer science and robotics which can profit from the study of natural organisms. Neurorobotics can also provide validation for neuroscientific theories by testing them in real, controlled, and highly observable sensorimotor settings. A ...
Bipolar Cell
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly c ...
... the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly c ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... juvenile mice. I also found that restoring binocular vision after MD led to full recovery of eyespecific responses at all ages. Interestingly, the prior experience of altered sensory input seemed to be somehow preserved in cortical circuits, such that subsequent cortical adaptation to the same exper ...
... juvenile mice. I also found that restoring binocular vision after MD led to full recovery of eyespecific responses at all ages. Interestingly, the prior experience of altered sensory input seemed to be somehow preserved in cortical circuits, such that subsequent cortical adaptation to the same exper ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal ...
... independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal ...
Complex Motion Perception and its Deficits
... bias for expanding motion suggesting that this area plays an important role in visually-guided navigation, since forward motion through the world produces a significantly higher proportion of expanding than contracting patterns of optical flow on the retina. The MSTd neurones have the necessary char ...
... bias for expanding motion suggesting that this area plays an important role in visually-guided navigation, since forward motion through the world produces a significantly higher proportion of expanding than contracting patterns of optical flow on the retina. The MSTd neurones have the necessary char ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... of the task and the different trial types. The large boxes are the screen on which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for correct performance of the task. Each of these trial types was randomly interle ...
... of the task and the different trial types. The large boxes are the screen on which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for correct performance of the task. Each of these trial types was randomly interle ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
Visual N1
The visual N1 is a visual evoked potential, a type of event-related electrical potential (ERP), that is produced in the brain and recorded on the scalp. The N1 is so named to reflect the polarity and typical timing of the component. The ""N"" indicates that the polarity of the component is negative with respect to an average mastoid reference. The ""1"" originally indicated that it was the first negative-going component, but it now better indexes the typical peak of this component, which is around 150 to 200 milliseconds post-stimulus. The N1 deflection may be detected at most recording sites, including the occipital, parietal, central, and frontal electrode sites. Although, the visual N1 is widely distributed over the entire scalp, it peaks earlier over frontal than posterior regions of the scalp, suggestive of distinct neural and/or cognitive correlates. The N1 is elicited by visual stimuli, and is part of the visual evoked potential – a series of voltage deflections observed in response to visual onsets, offsets, and changes. Both the right and left hemispheres generate an N1, but the laterality of the N1 depends on whether a stimulus is presented centrally, laterally, or bilaterally. When a stimulus is presented centrally, the N1 is bilateral. When presented laterally, the N1 is larger, earlier, and contralateral to the visual field of the stimulus. When two visual stimuli are presented, one in each visual field, the N1 is bilateral. In the latter case, the N1’s asymmetrical skewedness is modulated by attention. Additionally, its amplitude is influenced by selective attention, and thus it has been used to study a variety of attentional processes.