the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... amblyopia, if refractive error is a contributing factor, the first step in treatment is appropriate refractive correction. (There is some debate as to whether correction of strabismus alone can have a positive impact on strabismic amblyopia.) Once the underlying anomaly is corrected, the current sta ...
... amblyopia, if refractive error is a contributing factor, the first step in treatment is appropriate refractive correction. (There is some debate as to whether correction of strabismus alone can have a positive impact on strabismic amblyopia.) Once the underlying anomaly is corrected, the current sta ...
Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings
... findings, auditory imagery interfered more with detection of the target when the image was of the same frequency. These findings initially seemed inconsistent with Farah and Smith’s assertion that imagery facilitates perception. Okada and Matsuoka pointed out several differences in the methodology o ...
... findings, auditory imagery interfered more with detection of the target when the image was of the same frequency. These findings initially seemed inconsistent with Farah and Smith’s assertion that imagery facilitates perception. Okada and Matsuoka pointed out several differences in the methodology o ...
The Role of Temporal Structure in Human Vision
... Smith, Howell, & Stanley, 1982). Or consider another, slightly more complicated stimulus sequence, where a stimulus appears for 100 msec at one location, disappears very briefly, and then reappears for 100 msec at another, nearby location. If the two events occur within 20 msec or so of one another, ...
... Smith, Howell, & Stanley, 1982). Or consider another, slightly more complicated stimulus sequence, where a stimulus appears for 100 msec at one location, disappears very briefly, and then reappears for 100 msec at another, nearby location. If the two events occur within 20 msec or so of one another, ...
THE VISUAL CLAUSTRUM OF THE CAT I. Structure and Connections`
... the nictitating membranes were retracted with phenylephrine. Contact lenses of appropriate curvatures were fitted to focus the cat’s eyes on a wall at a distance of 145 cm. Eyes were refracted and retinal landmarks were plotted by the fiber optic method of Pettigrew et al. ...
... the nictitating membranes were retracted with phenylephrine. Contact lenses of appropriate curvatures were fitted to focus the cat’s eyes on a wall at a distance of 145 cm. Eyes were refracted and retinal landmarks were plotted by the fiber optic method of Pettigrew et al. ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... surround stimulus from the CRF, we designed a second, simpler experiment that allowed us to focus on the timing of the onset of suppression. In this experiment, the optimal drifting grating for the CRF appeared on a mean gray background for 1 sec, and a surround stimulus appeared 400 msec later and ...
... surround stimulus from the CRF, we designed a second, simpler experiment that allowed us to focus on the timing of the onset of suppression. In this experiment, the optimal drifting grating for the CRF appeared on a mean gray background for 1 sec, and a surround stimulus appeared 400 msec later and ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... remaining afferents to the deafferented brain area is a way to compensate for the loss of excitatory drive. Sprouting can come from the perilesional area, ipsilateral subcortical or cortical areas, and/or contralateral areas. Chronic peripheral nerve injuries can cause central somatosensory neurons ...
... remaining afferents to the deafferented brain area is a way to compensate for the loss of excitatory drive. Sprouting can come from the perilesional area, ipsilateral subcortical or cortical areas, and/or contralateral areas. Chronic peripheral nerve injuries can cause central somatosensory neurons ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was strongly dependant on the spatial representation and interaction of visual and saccade related signals in the SC. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the neural m ...
... and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was strongly dependant on the spatial representation and interaction of visual and saccade related signals in the SC. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the neural m ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... Go/Nogo task (Fig. 1, C and D). The main purpose of this task was to vary the requirement to make a saccade so that we could see if delay activity was related to movement. In all trials, a monkey first foveated a blue spot at the center of a tangent screen for 500 – 800 ms (all timings were pseudora ...
... Go/Nogo task (Fig. 1, C and D). The main purpose of this task was to vary the requirement to make a saccade so that we could see if delay activity was related to movement. In all trials, a monkey first foveated a blue spot at the center of a tangent screen for 500 – 800 ms (all timings were pseudora ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
full text - Anthony Herrel
... Although in general, relatively little is known about sleep in reptiles, one study has investigated sleep in chameleons (Tauber et al., 1966). One of the big debates in the literature is whether rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is present in reptiles other than birds (Tauber et al., 1968; Siegel, 2008 ...
... Although in general, relatively little is known about sleep in reptiles, one study has investigated sleep in chameleons (Tauber et al., 1966). One of the big debates in the literature is whether rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is present in reptiles other than birds (Tauber et al., 1968; Siegel, 2008 ...
Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
... Relations between the MMN and Other ERP Waves The MMN can be distinguished from earlier difference waveforms on several dimensions. The most important earlier waveform is the N1 wave, which often increases in amplitude with a change in the stimulus and therefore shows up in the deviant-standard diff ...
... Relations between the MMN and Other ERP Waves The MMN can be distinguished from earlier difference waveforms on several dimensions. The most important earlier waveform is the N1 wave, which often increases in amplitude with a change in the stimulus and therefore shows up in the deviant-standard diff ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... these averages in the 4-20 Hz range, most alpha-beta peaks were well approximated by a single Gaussian and the resulting peak frequencies extended from 7 to 19 Hz (Figure S1A, B; mean±SD = 11.02±2.45 Hz). Likewise, when Gaussians were fitted to the GC averages in the 30-100 Hz range, the resulting g ...
... these averages in the 4-20 Hz range, most alpha-beta peaks were well approximated by a single Gaussian and the resulting peak frequencies extended from 7 to 19 Hz (Figure S1A, B; mean±SD = 11.02±2.45 Hz). Likewise, when Gaussians were fitted to the GC averages in the 30-100 Hz range, the resulting g ...
Bipolar Cell
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
The impact of continuity editing in narrative film on event segmentation
... neural mechanisms can be distinguished: stimulus-driven increases of processing and attention-driven regulation. Measures of brain activity obtained using fMRI are a valuable source of data for studying the operation of both mechanisms. By stimulus-driven increases, we mean additional neural activit ...
... neural mechanisms can be distinguished: stimulus-driven increases of processing and attention-driven regulation. Measures of brain activity obtained using fMRI are a valuable source of data for studying the operation of both mechanisms. By stimulus-driven increases, we mean additional neural activit ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The ...
... noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The ...
Repetition suppression - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... recordings in the primate inferotemporal (IT) cortex [35]. In response to repeated presentation of a light stimulus (figure 1a), neurons in the IT cortex initially showed a large response (figure 1b), but with repeated exposure to the stimulus the response waned (figure 1c–d). When the stimulus was ...
... recordings in the primate inferotemporal (IT) cortex [35]. In response to repeated presentation of a light stimulus (figure 1a), neurons in the IT cortex initially showed a large response (figure 1b), but with repeated exposure to the stimulus the response waned (figure 1c–d). When the stimulus was ...
Auditory working memory: contributions of lateral prefrontal cortex
... my husband I owe a debt of gratitude for being there when it counted the most and standing by me for all the challenges great and small. ...
... my husband I owe a debt of gratitude for being there when it counted the most and standing by me for all the challenges great and small. ...
Effect of Spatial Attention on the Responses of Area MT Neurons
... identified based on the high-frequency of direction selective units, its characteristic topography, and the stereotyped sequence of gray matter, white matter and sulci along the electrode tracks. We have no histological confirmation of the recording sites because both monkeys are currently being use ...
... identified based on the high-frequency of direction selective units, its characteristic topography, and the stereotyped sequence of gray matter, white matter and sulci along the electrode tracks. We have no histological confirmation of the recording sites because both monkeys are currently being use ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread across the brain as the effects ...
... Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread across the brain as the effects ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... We opted for a design that exploits the phenomenon of neural adaptation to assess selectivity for absolute and relative disparity. This method has previously been used to identify visual areas selective for objects (Grill-Spector et al. 1999), motion (Huk and Heeger 2002; Huk et al. 2001), color (En ...
... We opted for a design that exploits the phenomenon of neural adaptation to assess selectivity for absolute and relative disparity. This method has previously been used to identify visual areas selective for objects (Grill-Spector et al. 1999), motion (Huk and Heeger 2002; Huk et al. 2001), color (En ...
Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... age of the remaining 13 participants for behavioral analysis was 26.2 years (SD ⫽ 6.3 years, three males). Participants gave written informed consent after the experimental procedure was explained to them. They received modest payment for their participation. The study was conducted in full accordan ...
... age of the remaining 13 participants for behavioral analysis was 26.2 years (SD ⫽ 6.3 years, three males). Participants gave written informed consent after the experimental procedure was explained to them. They received modest payment for their participation. The study was conducted in full accordan ...
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... feedback and comparison with the internal representation of the target. Open loop vergence in the viewing eye is inhibited. During visual accommodation top± down, cognitive-perceptual processing occurs within the accommodative system. ...
... feedback and comparison with the internal representation of the target. Open loop vergence in the viewing eye is inhibited. During visual accommodation top± down, cognitive-perceptual processing occurs within the accommodative system. ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... stream during task performance. In typical paradigms of selective attention, the sensory input is kept identical across trials with variations only in covert attention to different aspects of that input. In such tasks, neuronal responses are modulated with rapid temporal dynamics and high spatial se ...
... stream during task performance. In typical paradigms of selective attention, the sensory input is kept identical across trials with variations only in covert attention to different aspects of that input. In such tasks, neuronal responses are modulated with rapid temporal dynamics and high spatial se ...
P200
In neuroscience, the visual P200 or P2 is a waveform component or feature of the event-related potential (ERP) measured at the human scalp. Like other potential changes measurable from the scalp, this effect is believed to reflect the post-synaptic activity of a specific neural process. The P2 component, also known as the P200, is so named because it is a positive going electrical potential that peaks at about 200 milliseconds (varying between about 150 and 275 ms) after the onset of some external stimulus . The distribution of this component in the brain, as measured by electrodes placed across the scalp, is located around the centro-frontal and the parieto-occipital region. It is generally found to be maximal around the vertex (frontal region) of the scalp, however there have been some topographical differences noted in ERP studies of the P2 in different experimental conditions.Research on the visual P2 is at an early stage compared to other more established ERP components and there is much that we still do not know about it. Part of the difficulty of clearly characterizing this component is that it appears to be modulated by a large and diverse number of cognitive tasks. Functionally, there seems to be partial agreement amongst researchers in the field of cognitive neuroscience that the P2 represents some aspect of higher-order perceptual processing, modulated by attention. It is known that the P2 is typically elicited as part of the normal response to visual stimuli and has been studied in relation to visual search and attention, language context information, and memory and repetition effects. The amplitude of the peak of the waveform may be modulated by many different aspects of visual stimuli, which allow it to be used for studies of visual cognition and disease. In general, the P2 may be a part of cognitive matching system that compares sensory inputs with stored memory.