GLAUCOMA
... approximately 40 mm Hg at which level the likelihood of damage is significant. Visual fields are also not helpful in the early stages of diagnosis because a considerable number of neurons must be lost before VF changes can be detected. Optic nerve damage in the early stages is difficult or impossibl ...
... approximately 40 mm Hg at which level the likelihood of damage is significant. Visual fields are also not helpful in the early stages of diagnosis because a considerable number of neurons must be lost before VF changes can be detected. Optic nerve damage in the early stages is difficult or impossibl ...
the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... Practically speaking, this means that visual acuity is reduced despite a normal structural eye examination due to the presence of at least one amblyopia risk factor early in life. These risk factors include deprivation (induced by congenital cataract or ptosis, for example), manifest strabismus of ...
... Practically speaking, this means that visual acuity is reduced despite a normal structural eye examination due to the presence of at least one amblyopia risk factor early in life. These risk factors include deprivation (induced by congenital cataract or ptosis, for example), manifest strabismus of ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... 1989) show that these actions involve both excitatory and inhibitory premotor neurons and initiation of different forms of locomotion from different parts of the brain stem both in the cat (Mori et al. 1989) and in the lamprey (Deliagina et al. 2002) links RS neurons with spinal networks responsible ...
... 1989) show that these actions involve both excitatory and inhibitory premotor neurons and initiation of different forms of locomotion from different parts of the brain stem both in the cat (Mori et al. 1989) and in the lamprey (Deliagina et al. 2002) links RS neurons with spinal networks responsible ...
The Role of Temporal Structure in Human Vision
... Smith, Howell, & Stanley, 1982). Or consider another, slightly more complicated stimulus sequence, where a stimulus appears for 100 msec at one location, disappears very briefly, and then reappears for 100 msec at another, nearby location. If the two events occur within 20 msec or so of one another, ...
... Smith, Howell, & Stanley, 1982). Or consider another, slightly more complicated stimulus sequence, where a stimulus appears for 100 msec at one location, disappears very briefly, and then reappears for 100 msec at another, nearby location. If the two events occur within 20 msec or so of one another, ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... of simulating saccadic sensory to motor transformations. This model was designed to predict how the spatial interactions between neural signals related to visual processing and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was stron ...
... of simulating saccadic sensory to motor transformations. This model was designed to predict how the spatial interactions between neural signals related to visual processing and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was stron ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... frequency of a sine wave grating at 100% contrast that drifted for 2– 4 sec behind a circular aperture chosen to approximate the CRF. We then used the smallest patch of optimal grating that provided a reliable response to find the center of the RF. Next, we presented stimuli in an interleaved manner ...
... frequency of a sine wave grating at 100% contrast that drifted for 2– 4 sec behind a circular aperture chosen to approximate the CRF. We then used the smallest patch of optimal grating that provided a reliable response to find the center of the RF. Next, we presented stimuli in an interleaved manner ...
Hands Up: Attentional Prioritization of Space Near the Hand
... Ládavas, & Farné, 1997; Farné & Ládavas, 2000; Farné, Pavani, Meneghello, & Ládavas, 2000; Ládavas, 2002; Ládavas, Pellegrino, et al., 1998; Ládavas, Zeloni, & Farné, 1998). In particular, these studies focused on patients with right hemisphere brain damage who exhibited tactile extinction ...
... Ládavas, & Farné, 1997; Farné & Ládavas, 2000; Farné, Pavani, Meneghello, & Ládavas, 2000; Ládavas, 2002; Ládavas, Pellegrino, et al., 1998; Ládavas, Zeloni, & Farné, 1998). In particular, these studies focused on patients with right hemisphere brain damage who exhibited tactile extinction ...
Persistent vulnerability to relapse despite complete extinction of
... Craving often precedes relapse into cocaine addiction. This explains why considerable research effort is being expended to try to develop anti-craving strategies for relapse prevention. Recently, we discovered using the classic reinstatement model of cocaine craving that the reinstating or priming e ...
... Craving often precedes relapse into cocaine addiction. This explains why considerable research effort is being expended to try to develop anti-craving strategies for relapse prevention. Recently, we discovered using the classic reinstatement model of cocaine craving that the reinstating or priming e ...
Kaczkurkin_umn_0130E_14221
... after a delay to determine the degree to which extinction learning persists over time. There is some evidence suggesting that abnormalities in the retention of extinction learning may be important to anxiety pathology. For example, anxiety disorder patients show impaired extinction recall after a de ...
... after a delay to determine the degree to which extinction learning persists over time. There is some evidence suggesting that abnormalities in the retention of extinction learning may be important to anxiety pathology. For example, anxiety disorder patients show impaired extinction recall after a de ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... Discrimination conditioning paradigms are often used in human fear research. In these paradigms, two conditioned stimuli are presented. These may be auditory tones or more typically, neutral visual stimuli such as colored shapes. Some studies use visual stimuli as CSs that are capable of eliciting f ...
... Discrimination conditioning paradigms are often used in human fear research. In these paradigms, two conditioned stimuli are presented. These may be auditory tones or more typically, neutral visual stimuli such as colored shapes. Some studies use visual stimuli as CSs that are capable of eliciting f ...
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual
... Searle et al. 1976). Physiological studies under free-field stimulation have shown that many cells in the auditory midbrain are sensitive to the direction of sound sources (King and Palmer 1983; Knudsen 1982; Knudsen and Konishi 1978; Semple et al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-fi ...
... Searle et al. 1976). Physiological studies under free-field stimulation have shown that many cells in the auditory midbrain are sensitive to the direction of sound sources (King and Palmer 1983; Knudsen 1982; Knudsen and Konishi 1978; Semple et al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-fi ...
fulltext
... UCS), becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that in itself produces the physiological reaction. The process of conditioning was first reported by Ivan Pavlov in 1907 and is sometimes simply called Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927). When the UCS involved elicits a physiological fear reaction, the p ...
... UCS), becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that in itself produces the physiological reaction. The process of conditioning was first reported by Ivan Pavlov in 1907 and is sometimes simply called Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927). When the UCS involved elicits a physiological fear reaction, the p ...
Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
... (third waveform in fig. 1). Lavikainen et al. [1995] found two sources for the magnetic N1 response to such a change in frequency and suggested that these represented the normal N1 and an MMN, with the MMN occurring earlier than it would have if the frequency change had been part of a separate devia ...
... (third waveform in fig. 1). Lavikainen et al. [1995] found two sources for the magnetic N1 response to such a change in frequency and suggested that these represented the normal N1 and an MMN, with the MMN occurring earlier than it would have if the frequency change had been part of a separate devia ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... stages having smaller receptive fields and simpler tuning properties. During natural vision, the large receptive field of an IT neuron will typically contain multiple objects. However, when attention is directed to only one of those objects, the IT neuron response is biased towards the response that ...
... stages having smaller receptive fields and simpler tuning properties. During natural vision, the large receptive field of an IT neuron will typically contain multiple objects. However, when attention is directed to only one of those objects, the IT neuron response is biased towards the response that ...
Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Following Delay
... that was always paired with a UCS than to a different CS that was intermittently paired with a UCS. The authors suggest that this indicated that the ACC plays a role in coding the strength of the CS-UCS contingency. Other researchers have suggested that activity in the ACC during conditioning plays ...
... that was always paired with a UCS than to a different CS that was intermittently paired with a UCS. The authors suggest that this indicated that the ACC plays a role in coding the strength of the CS-UCS contingency. Other researchers have suggested that activity in the ACC during conditioning plays ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... remained able to perform several motor acts, including the pincer grip and exploratory movements. Brochier et al. (1994) observed that their patient could touch the thumb of the insensate hand with each finger individually (similar observations were made also in a patient assessed by Halligan et al. ...
... remained able to perform several motor acts, including the pincer grip and exploratory movements. Brochier et al. (1994) observed that their patient could touch the thumb of the insensate hand with each finger individually (similar observations were made also in a patient assessed by Halligan et al. ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... significantly better than chance in the fourth quartile (binomial probability < 0.002) as well as over the session as a whole (p < 0.02). (B) Average neuronal response to 61 choice arrays exhibiting a main effect of instructed stimulus. The average excludes five cases with a delay period between the ...
... significantly better than chance in the fourth quartile (binomial probability < 0.002) as well as over the session as a whole (p < 0.02). (B) Average neuronal response to 61 choice arrays exhibiting a main effect of instructed stimulus. The average excludes five cases with a delay period between the ...
Bipolar Cell
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... wavelengths of light cannot be reproduced by varying the intensity of a single wavelength, as would be the case in a colorblind system. Torus longitudinalis (see below), which is closely interconnected with tectum, is such a colorblind system. Moreover, some tectal cells can be excited by one range ...
... wavelengths of light cannot be reproduced by varying the intensity of a single wavelength, as would be the case in a colorblind system. Torus longitudinalis (see below), which is closely interconnected with tectum, is such a colorblind system. Moreover, some tectal cells can be excited by one range ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
... location of the target in two simultaneously recorded cortical signals: local field potentials (LFPs) and spikes. LFPs are thought to represent synaptic input, while spiking activity is the output, of the area around the electrode tip. We found that spatial selectivity identifying the location of th ...
... location of the target in two simultaneously recorded cortical signals: local field potentials (LFPs) and spikes. LFPs are thought to represent synaptic input, while spiking activity is the output, of the area around the electrode tip. We found that spatial selectivity identifying the location of th ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal ...
... independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei [26]. Reciprocally, orexin neurons receive input from several nuclei of the limbic system [27,28]. Studies in humans have shown that individuals with narcolepsy, a condition associated with a loss of orexin neurons [29], show reduced AMY activity and no increase in f ...
... hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei [26]. Reciprocally, orexin neurons receive input from several nuclei of the limbic system [27,28]. Studies in humans have shown that individuals with narcolepsy, a condition associated with a loss of orexin neurons [29], show reduced AMY activity and no increase in f ...
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... FIG. 2. Effect of picrotoxin on the responses to visual stimuli of the LGMD and of neuronal populations recorded in the medulla. A: 5 sample traces of intracellular recordings from the LGMD in response to a looming stimulus (l/!v! & 30 ms, illustrated in the top panels) are shown at the bottom. The ...
... FIG. 2. Effect of picrotoxin on the responses to visual stimuli of the LGMD and of neuronal populations recorded in the medulla. A: 5 sample traces of intracellular recordings from the LGMD in response to a looming stimulus (l/!v! & 30 ms, illustrated in the top panels) are shown at the bottom. The ...
PDF
... of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlations between amygdala activity and reaction times would have the same sign regardless of the location of the saccade target. Increased activity, for example, would predict shorter reaction times for ...
... of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlations between amygdala activity and reaction times would have the same sign regardless of the location of the saccade target. Increased activity, for example, would predict shorter reaction times for ...
Affective percept and voluntary action: A hypothesis
... rats. Also using self-stimulation techniques, Gallistel and Beagley (1971) found that rats choose stimulation at one hypothalamic site when hungry and at a different site when thirsty. Using functional imaging techniques Francis et al. (1999) found three different areas for pleasure of touch, taste ...
... rats. Also using self-stimulation techniques, Gallistel and Beagley (1971) found that rats choose stimulation at one hypothalamic site when hungry and at a different site when thirsty. Using functional imaging techniques Francis et al. (1999) found three different areas for pleasure of touch, taste ...
Visual extinction
Visual extinction is a neurological disorder which occurs following damage to the parietal lobe of the brain. It is similar to, but distinct from, hemispatial neglect. Visual extinction has the characteristic symptom of difficulty to perceive contralesional stimuli when presented simultaneously with an ipsilesional stimulus, but the ability to correctly identify them when not presented simultaneously. Under simultaneous presentation, the contralesional stimulus is apparently ignored by the patient, or extinguished. This deficiency may lead to difficulty on behalf of the patient with processing the stimuli’s 3D position.