Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... BDNF to PTSD [49]. In addition, transgenic, molecular and behavioral studies in rodents have provided insights into the underlying mechanisms of BDNF signaling in PTSD. There is burgeoning evidence for an association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BDNF gene (Val66Met) and vari ...
... BDNF to PTSD [49]. In addition, transgenic, molecular and behavioral studies in rodents have provided insights into the underlying mechanisms of BDNF signaling in PTSD. There is burgeoning evidence for an association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BDNF gene (Val66Met) and vari ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... Non-human primate visual cortical areas are organized in a hierarchy with characteristic laminar patterns of feedforward and feedback projections (Barone et al., 2000; Felleman and Essen, 1991; Markov et al., 2014). Feedforward projections typically target layer 4. They originate predominantly from ...
... Non-human primate visual cortical areas are organized in a hierarchy with characteristic laminar patterns of feedforward and feedback projections (Barone et al., 2000; Felleman and Essen, 1991; Markov et al., 2014). Feedforward projections typically target layer 4. They originate predominantly from ...
Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in
... digital time and were asked to imagine the clock hands associated with this time. In the test phase (after a 2-s imagery period), they were asked to judge whether a target dot appeared inside or outside the imagined clock hands. As imagery increases the excitability of neurons encoding the mental im ...
... digital time and were asked to imagine the clock hands associated with this time. In the test phase (after a 2-s imagery period), they were asked to judge whether a target dot appeared inside or outside the imagined clock hands. As imagery increases the excitability of neurons encoding the mental im ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... Tests on independent means were Student's t-test and factorial ANOVA, whereas the paired ttest and Repeated Measures ANOVA were used for related means. In analyzing response features obtained at different frequencies and intensities (e.g., Fig. 3C), Repeated Measures ANOVAs were performed separately ...
... Tests on independent means were Student's t-test and factorial ANOVA, whereas the paired ttest and Repeated Measures ANOVA were used for related means. In analyzing response features obtained at different frequencies and intensities (e.g., Fig. 3C), Repeated Measures ANOVAs were performed separately ...
NIH Public Access
... function. In principle, lesion studies could elucidate the causal contribution of vmPFC and amygdala to PTSD by determining if damage to these brain areas changes the likelihood of developing PTSD. However, in an illness such as PTSD that is not amenable to animal lesion studies, this requires the s ...
... function. In principle, lesion studies could elucidate the causal contribution of vmPFC and amygdala to PTSD by determining if damage to these brain areas changes the likelihood of developing PTSD. However, in an illness such as PTSD that is not amenable to animal lesion studies, this requires the s ...
Program - Albion
... 30 year old) and older (60‐70) subjects revealed that older subjects are less likely to become aware of the CS‐US relationship. Analysis of brain activations for subjects who become aware versus those that do not reveal an interesting recruitment of regions that are associated with altered awaren ...
... 30 year old) and older (60‐70) subjects revealed that older subjects are less likely to become aware of the CS‐US relationship. Analysis of brain activations for subjects who become aware versus those that do not reveal an interesting recruitment of regions that are associated with altered awaren ...
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... ciliary muscle is parasympathetic and follows the pathway shown by the thick solid lines. The parasympathetic pathway originates in the Edinger±Westphal nucleus and courses with the third nerve, where the ®bres travel to and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. The majority of the postganglionic parasym ...
... ciliary muscle is parasympathetic and follows the pathway shown by the thick solid lines. The parasympathetic pathway originates in the Edinger±Westphal nucleus and courses with the third nerve, where the ®bres travel to and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. The majority of the postganglionic parasym ...
4. Conclusions and Perspectives - RuCCS
... (e.g., hope and fear), whereas the latter, referring to non-architectural thought, may be recognized by the ease with which mental images are revised by changes in beliefs or "tacit knowledge” (it is “cognitively penetrable”). “In interpreting the results of imagery experiments, it is clearly import ...
... (e.g., hope and fear), whereas the latter, referring to non-architectural thought, may be recognized by the ease with which mental images are revised by changes in beliefs or "tacit knowledge” (it is “cognitively penetrable”). “In interpreting the results of imagery experiments, it is clearly import ...
The cortical connections of area V6: an occipito
... made with a specially devised recording syringe in order to inject neuronal tracers into different parts of V6 (see Fig. 1). The recording syringe was a 1-mL Hamilton syringe with an Elgiloy microelectrode (Suzuki & Azuma, 1976) attached to the needle. The electrode tip protruded about 300 mm with r ...
... made with a specially devised recording syringe in order to inject neuronal tracers into different parts of V6 (see Fig. 1). The recording syringe was a 1-mL Hamilton syringe with an Elgiloy microelectrode (Suzuki & Azuma, 1976) attached to the needle. The electrode tip protruded about 300 mm with r ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... specific penetration angles). We monitored the transition from the opercular surface to the roof of the calcarine sulcus by advancing the microelectrode in 200-m steps. We stopped advancing the microelectrode when the first transition from a central RF (typically ⬃5° eccentricity) to a peripheral R ...
... specific penetration angles). We monitored the transition from the opercular surface to the roof of the calcarine sulcus by advancing the microelectrode in 200-m steps. We stopped advancing the microelectrode when the first transition from a central RF (typically ⬃5° eccentricity) to a peripheral R ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... dynamic sequence of natural scenes or filtered white-noise stimuli. Spatial frequencies that are common in a particular ensemble become less effective over time, enhancing the information relayed by the neuron about rare spatial frequencies. The reduced sensitivity of V1 neurons to common but not ra ...
... dynamic sequence of natural scenes or filtered white-noise stimuli. Spatial frequencies that are common in a particular ensemble become less effective over time, enhancing the information relayed by the neuron about rare spatial frequencies. The reduced sensitivity of V1 neurons to common but not ra ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... field of neuron j. A number of variations of the normalization equation have been applied to model different systems: Different inputs Dk can be assigned different weights αjk in the normalization pool. These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence ...
... field of neuron j. A number of variations of the normalization equation have been applied to model different systems: Different inputs Dk can be assigned different weights αjk in the normalization pool. These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... Subcortical afferents could mediate mixing of the P and M channels, thereby eliminating the segregation that is suggested by patterns of cortical connectivity. Several observations argue against a segregation of P and M channel contributions in the extrastriate cortex. For example, physiological stu ...
... Subcortical afferents could mediate mixing of the P and M channels, thereby eliminating the segregation that is suggested by patterns of cortical connectivity. Several observations argue against a segregation of P and M channel contributions in the extrastriate cortex. For example, physiological stu ...
Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... into postsynaptic sites. This was further confirmed by double- and triple-immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Venus (with use of anti-GFP antibody), Bassoon (presynaptic marker; Fig. 1D), and drebrin (postsynaptic marker; Fig. 1E). Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images of individual spi ...
... into postsynaptic sites. This was further confirmed by double- and triple-immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Venus (with use of anti-GFP antibody), Bassoon (presynaptic marker; Fig. 1D), and drebrin (postsynaptic marker; Fig. 1E). Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images of individual spi ...
Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through
... unidirectional entrainment per direction. Anatomical data actually show that for each direction of communication, the communicating brain areas have specialized neuronal groups, i.e. a given brain area has neurons receiving inputs and different neurons sending outputs (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; ...
... unidirectional entrainment per direction. Anatomical data actually show that for each direction of communication, the communicating brain areas have specialized neuronal groups, i.e. a given brain area has neurons receiving inputs and different neurons sending outputs (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
Saccade Target Selection in Frontal Eye Field of Macaque. I. Visual
... instructed delay condition usually included 12% nogo trials to discourage premature movements. Instructed delay trials provided a means of dissociating visual from motor responses. In the no-saccade condition on every trial the red nogo trigger signal preceded target presentation by a fixed interval ...
... instructed delay condition usually included 12% nogo trials to discourage premature movements. Instructed delay trials provided a means of dissociating visual from motor responses. In the no-saccade condition on every trial the red nogo trigger signal preceded target presentation by a fixed interval ...
Imagery and Perception Share Cortical
... imagery engages low-level visual cortex in a topographical manner comparable to perception. In contrast, the role of highlevel ventral visual cortex in the representation of location during imagery remains unknown. Recent studies of object perception indicate that object location is represented in v ...
... imagery engages low-level visual cortex in a topographical manner comparable to perception. In contrast, the role of highlevel ventral visual cortex in the representation of location during imagery remains unknown. Recent studies of object perception indicate that object location is represented in v ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... dental acrylic cap covering the calvarium. Surgery under general anesthesia used inhaled isoflurane, with banamine (1 mg/kg, i.m.) postoperative analgesia. All protocols were approved by the Institute Animal Care and the Use Committee and complied with the Public Health Service Policy on the humane ...
... dental acrylic cap covering the calvarium. Surgery under general anesthesia used inhaled isoflurane, with banamine (1 mg/kg, i.m.) postoperative analgesia. All protocols were approved by the Institute Animal Care and the Use Committee and complied with the Public Health Service Policy on the humane ...
Visual Stimulation Regulates the Expression of Transcription Factors
... CA) for 1 hr at room temperature. Sections were then subjected to a nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction that resulted in a dark blue stain within c-Fosand Zif 268immunoreactive neurons. The primary antibody was absent in control sections, which were otherwise processed identically. ...
... CA) for 1 hr at room temperature. Sections were then subjected to a nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction that resulted in a dark blue stain within c-Fosand Zif 268immunoreactive neurons. The primary antibody was absent in control sections, which were otherwise processed identically. ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... in many structural aspects, still they utilize many design principles in common, such as their parallel processing of information about color, form and motion (Sanes and Zipursky, 2010). In vertebrates, some of the neuronal mechanisms that are necessary for pattern discrimination are relatively well ...
... in many structural aspects, still they utilize many design principles in common, such as their parallel processing of information about color, form and motion (Sanes and Zipursky, 2010). In vertebrates, some of the neuronal mechanisms that are necessary for pattern discrimination are relatively well ...
Viktor`s Notes * Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways Disorders
... b) retrobulbar (anterior to and including chiasm) - acuity loss, color deficits, visual field defects (usually central or cecocentral scotomas), afferent pupillary defect N.B. unilateral optic nerve lesions cause afferent pupillary defect even with apparently normal vision, whereas with macular lesi ...
... b) retrobulbar (anterior to and including chiasm) - acuity loss, color deficits, visual field defects (usually central or cecocentral scotomas), afferent pupillary defect N.B. unilateral optic nerve lesions cause afferent pupillary defect even with apparently normal vision, whereas with macular lesi ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... Filtering is done in such a way that the number of cells in which an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object ...
... Filtering is done in such a way that the number of cells in which an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object ...
Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... reflects training-induced changes in perception, there is tremendous potential for clinical application. The N1-P2 complex could be used to monitor neurophysiologic changes during speech-sound acquisition after cochlear implantation, hearing aid use, or any other form of auditory learning. More impo ...
... reflects training-induced changes in perception, there is tremendous potential for clinical application. The N1-P2 complex could be used to monitor neurophysiologic changes during speech-sound acquisition after cochlear implantation, hearing aid use, or any other form of auditory learning. More impo ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... nals, because it is confined almost entirely to neurons. Immunocytochemica1 staining with an antiserum to GAD appears to be rather uniformly distributed throughout the cortical layers of the rat (112). In the monkey visual cortex, however, distinct laminar variations in GAD immunoreactivity are pre ...
... nals, because it is confined almost entirely to neurons. Immunocytochemica1 staining with an antiserum to GAD appears to be rather uniformly distributed throughout the cortical layers of the rat (112). In the monkey visual cortex, however, distinct laminar variations in GAD immunoreactivity are pre ...
Visual extinction
Visual extinction is a neurological disorder which occurs following damage to the parietal lobe of the brain. It is similar to, but distinct from, hemispatial neglect. Visual extinction has the characteristic symptom of difficulty to perceive contralesional stimuli when presented simultaneously with an ipsilesional stimulus, but the ability to correctly identify them when not presented simultaneously. Under simultaneous presentation, the contralesional stimulus is apparently ignored by the patient, or extinguished. This deficiency may lead to difficulty on behalf of the patient with processing the stimuli’s 3D position.