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CHAPTER 2- NEUROSCIENCE GENETICS AND BEHAVIOR Everything psychological is biological. This perspective is called biological psychologists or neuropsychologists. Phrenology -- Franz Gall early 1800’s-study of bumps on the head to determine character traits. Although this theory was false it did give rise to the idea that different parts of the brain control different aspects of behavior. Biological, psychological and social systems work and interact to form our behavior. A. STRUCTRE OF A NEURON or NERVE CELLS are the BUILDING BLOCKS OF the nervous systems. EACH NEURON CONSISTS OF A CELL BODY DENDRITES- RECEIVE INFORMATION AXON- PASSES IT ALONG TO OTHER NEURONS, MUSCLES OR GLANDS MYELIN SHEATH- A LAYER OF FATTY CELLS THAT INSULATES THE AXONS AND SPEEDS THEIR IMPULSES (MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS-CAUSED BY SHEATH DEGENERATING SLOWING MUSCLES) NEURAL IMPUSE TRAVELS FROM 2-200 MPH. WE MEASURE BRAIN ACTIVITY IN MILLISECONDS. COMPUTER ACTIVITY IS FASTER BUT YOUR BRAIN IS MORE COMPLEX. 1. NEURON FIRES IMPULSE WHEN STIMULATED BY PRESSURE, HEAT, LIGHT OR CHEMICAL MESSAGES. ACTION POTENTIAL-A BRIEF ELECTRIAL CHARGE THAT TRAVELS DOWN THE AXON LIKE A LINE OF FALLING DOMINOES 2. IONS- ELECTRICALLY CHARGED ATOMS. FLUID INSIDE A RESTING AXON CARRIED NEGATIVE CHARGED IONS. THE FLUID OUTSIDE THE AXON MEMBRANE HAS POSITIVE IONS. . 3. RESTING POTENTIAL- POLARIZATION OF POSITIVE OUTSIDE AND NEGATIVE INSIDE. WHEN THE NEURON FIRES THE GATES OPEN ALLOWING THE POSITIVE CHARGED IONS TO RUSH IN. 4. THIS DEPOLARIZES THE PART OF THE AXON, WHICH CAUSES THE NEXT AXON’S CHANNEL TO OPEN AND THE NEXT FALLING LIKE DOMINOES. 5. REFRACTORY PERIOD-RESTING PAUSE THE NEURON PUMPS POSITIVE CHARGED ATOMS BACK OUTSIDE AND THE PROCESS STARTS AGAIN. (100 TIMES A SECOND) 6. . THRESHOLD- THE LEVEL OF STIMULUS REQUIRED TO TRIGGER AN IMPULSE. SOME IMPULSES ARE EXCITATORY ACCELERATOR SOME ARE INHIBITORY (A BRAKE.)IF EXCITATORY MINUS INHBITORY EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD THE NEURON TRANSMITS AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE. 7. NEURONS REACTION ARE AN ALL OR NONE RESPONSE. THEY EITHER FIRE OR THEY DON’T. 8. STRONG IMPULSES TRIGGER MORE NEURONS NOT FASTER. HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE 1. SYNAPSE THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE AXON TIP OF THE SENDING NEURON AND THE DENDRITE OR CELL BODY OF THE RECEIVING NEURON. SYNAPTIC GAP OR CLEFT. 2. NEUROTRANSMITTERS- CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT CROSS THE GAP ALLOWING THE IONS TO ENTER THE RECEIVING NEURONS EITHER EXCITING OR INHIBITING ITS FIRING. Neurotransmitters 1 ACETYlCHOLINE- JUNCTION AT SYNAPSE BETWEEN MOTOR NEURONS AND MUSCLES. Enables muscle action, learning and memory. Undersupply neurons deteriorate, Alzhheimers. BOTULIN, BLOCKS ACH. SPIDER VENOM FLOOODS IT CAUSING CONVULSIONS. 2 ENDORPHINS-BODY’S NATURAL MORPHINE. MORPHINE RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO PAIN AND VIGOROUS EXERCISE. RUNNERS HIGH. IF A PERSON TAKES DRUGS OR OPIATES SUCH AS HEROIN THE NATURAL NEUROTRNSMITTERS OR ENDORPHINS STOP PRODUCING. WHEN THE DRUG WEARS OFF THE BRAIN IS DEPRIVED CAUSING WITHDRAWL. ALL DRUGS FROM NICOTINE TO HEROIN INTERFERE WITH THE BODY’S OWN NEUROSTRANSMITTERS. 3 DOPAMINE- INFLUENCES MOVEMENT LEARNING, ATTENTION AND EMOTION. EXCESS LINKED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA. LACK OF DOPAMINE CAUSES TREMORS AND THE DECREASED MOBILITY SEEN IN PARKINSONS. L-DOPA A RAW MATERIAL THAT CONVERTS DOPAMINE AND GIVES PATIENTS SOME MUSCLE CONTROL. NOT A CURE. 4. SEROTONIN- AN INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT IS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF SLEEP, MOOD, AROUSAL, AND PAIN REGULATION. LACK OF SEROTONIN IS LINKED TO DEPRESSION. AGONISTS-MIMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS=ANTAGONISTS BLOCK THEM. NERVOUS SYSTEM-THE BODY’S SPEEDY ELECTROCHEMICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. 1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD 2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-LINKS THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH MUSLES AND GLANDS. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM . 2 COMPONENTS 1. SKELETAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- CONTROLS BODY’S SKELETAL MUSCLES VOLUNTARY 2. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM-CONTROLS THE GLANDS AND MUSLES OF OUR INTERNAL ORGANS. INVOLUNTARY A. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- AROUSES US FOR DEFMENSIVE ACTIONS- IF SOMETHING SCARES YOU HEARTBEAT INCREASES, BLOOD SUGAR UP DILATES ARTERIES. B. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PRODUCES OPPOSITE EFFECTS. CALMS YOU DOWN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- THINKING FEELING AND ACTING A. SPINAL CORD-HIGHWAY CONNECTING THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE BRAIN. B. REFLEXES – AUTOMATIC RESPONSES-SINGLE SENSORY NEURON COMMUNICATES THROUGH AN INTERNEURON TO A MOTOR NEURON. SENSORY NEURON- INCOMING INFORMATION TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM---Afferent nerves MOTOR NEURON CARRIES OUTGOING INFORMATION FROM THE CENTRAL TO MUSCLES AND GLANDS-Efferent nerves INTERNEURON-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS THAT INTERNALLY COMMUNICATE BETWEEN SENSORY INPUTS AND MOTOR OUTPUTS TOUCH A HOT STOVE THE SENSORY NEURON SENDS MESSAGES THROUGH INTERNEURONS TO THE MOTOR NEURON TO THE MUSCLES IN YOUR ARM CAUSING YOU TO JERK YOUR HAND AWAY. IF THE SPINAL CORD IS INJURED NO SENSORY PAIN OR PLEASURE CAN BE FELT. NEURAL NETWORKS- INTERCONNECTED NEURAL CELLS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- PRODUCES HORMONES- CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE BLOODSTREAM AND AFFECT OUR INTEREST IN SEX, FOOD AND AGGRESSIVENESS. 1. ADRENAL GLANDS RELEASE EPINEPHRINE OR NOREPINEPHRINE. THESE INCREASE HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND PROVIDE A SURGE OF ENERGY. 2. PITUATARY GLAND-CALLED MASTER GLAND CONTROLS GROWTH AND TRIGGERS YOUR SEX GLAND TO RELEASE SEX HORMONES. 3. THYROID GLAND-AFFECTS METABOLISM. TOOLS FOR STUDYING THE BRAIN IN EARLY DAYS PEOPLE STUDIED BRAIN INJURED PEOPLE TO SEE WHERE THE INJURY WAS AND TO UNDERSTAND THE WORKINGS OF THE BRAIN. TODAY WE HAVE MACHINES THAT RECORD BRAIN ACTIVITY. SCIENTISTS USED TOLESION or-DESTROY TISSUE IN THE BRAIN OF ANIMALS TO SEE THE OUTCOME FOR EXPERIMENTATION. 1. EEG-ELECTROENCEPHLOGRAM-Amplified tracing of brain waves. 2. CT COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHYS THAT REVEAL BRAIN DAMAGE 3. PET-SCAN position emission tomography- scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose is consumed while the brain functions. 4. MRI-MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING- CREATES COMPUTER GENERATED IMAGES. SHOWS WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN DURING PROBLEM SOLVING. AREAS OF THE BRAIN HINDBRAIN- located at the skull’s rear, lowest portion of the brain- consists of the medulla, cerebellum and pons-involved in sleep arousal MIDBRAIN-located between hindbrain and forebrain is an area where many nerve fiber systems ascend and descent to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain. - Made of the reticular formation and a group of neurons that emit the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. Forebrain-Thalamus, hypothalamus, endocrine and limbic systems and the cerebrum. BRAIN STRUCTURE— 1. BRAIN STEM- OLDEST PART AND CENTRAL CORE OF THE BRAIN. It begins where the spinal cord enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions. MEDULLA- controls heartbeat and breathing 2. RETICULAR FORMATION- CONTROLS AROUSAL 3. THALAMUS- TRANSMITS MESSAGES TO THE SENSORY RECEVING AREAS IN THE CORTEX AND TRANSMITS REPLIES TO THE CEREBELLUM AND MEDULLA. RELAY STATION. Located at the top of the brainstem. 4. CEREBELLUM- EXTENDING FROM THE REAR OF THE BRAIN STEM. CONTROLS BALANCE AND COORDINATIONof voluntary movement. Non verbal memory LIMBIC SYSTEM-at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres, associated with emotions and drives. Lymbic system contains the: HIPPOCAMPUS- PROCESSES MEMORY AMYGDALA-INFLUENCES AGGRESSION AND FEAR HYPOTHALAMUS-HUNGER, THIRST, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, PLEASURE CENTERS-controls the glands secretion of hormones in the master gland. PLEASURE CENTERS PERHAPS PEOPLE WITH DRUG ADDICTION MAY HAVE A REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME. A GENETICALLY DISPOSED DEFICIENCY IN THE BRAIN SYSTEMS FOR PLEASURE WHICH LEADS THESE PEOPLE TO CRAVE SUBSTANCES. CEREBRAL CORTEX-COVERING OF THE BRAIN FILLED WITH NEURAL CELLS THAT ARE THE ULTIMATE CONTROL AND INFORMATION CENTER.. WHAT ALLOWS US TO THINK MORE THAN ANIMALS IS THIS ELABORATE CORTEX. Cortex is like the bark on a tree covering and protecting the cells inside. Larger cerebral cortex is seen on higher functioning animals. (humans) 30 billion cells 1/8 inch thick. The cerebral cortex is divided into two halves called hemispheres. GLIAL cells or glue cells provide nutrients and insulating myelin. HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN ARE DIVIDED INTO 1. FRONTAL LOBE-BEHIND FOREHEAD INVOLVED IN SPEAKING AND MUSCLE MOVEMENT. CONTAINS THE MOTOR CORTEX 1. PARIETAL LOBE FRONTAL LOBES -TOP AND TO THE REAR—SENSORY CORTEX 2. TEMPORAL LOBE-JUST ABOVE THE EARS—AUDITORY INFORMATION FROM OPPOSITE EAR 3. OCCIPITAL LOBES-AT THE BACK OF THE HEAD—VISUAL INFORMATION FROM OPPOSITE FIELD MOTOR CORTEX—AREA AT THE REAR OF THE FRONTAL LOBE CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS-SEND INFORMATION CAUSING MOVEMENT SENSORY CORTEX—CONTROLS AND REGISTERS SENSATIONS-RECEIVE INFORMATION ASSOCIATION AREAS- INVOLVED IN HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS LEARNING SPEAKING, REMEMBERING, PROBLEM SOLVING AND THINKING. APHASIA-IMPAIRMENT OF LANGUAGE DUE TO DAMAGE OF LEFT HEMISPHERE Broca’s area- an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements in speech. Broca found person with damage struggled with speech yet could sing familiar songs. Wernicke’s area- language comprehension, speak meaningless words. Angular gyrus- damage leave people unable to read Phineas Gage—gunpowder through his frontal lobe could still speak and function but his personality changed. Irritable, spoke profane language, angry rages, loss of morality. SPLIT BRAIN RESEARCH Two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM- A BUNDLE OF AXONS THAT CONNECT THE TWO HEMISPHERES. SPERRY CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS WHERE CORPUS CALLOSUM WAS CUT AND THERE WAS NO COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HEMISPHERES. 1967 STUDIES DONE ON THE RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN SHOW- RIGHT HEMISPHERE RECOGNIZED THINGS IN THE LEFT VISUAL FIELD AND THE LEFT RECOGNIZED THINGS IN THE RIGHT. EX. SHOWN A PICTURE OF A SPOON IN THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE THE PERSON COULD NOT SAY WHAT THEY SAW BUT ASKED TO IDENTIFY OBJECTS BY TOUCH THEY WERE ABLE TO PICK THE SPOON. RIGHT HEMISPHERE –COPYING DRAWYINGS RECOGNIZING FACES— VISUAL PERCEPTIONS AND RECOGNIZING EMOTION. LEFT BRAIN- SPEECH, LANGUAGE VERBAL A STROKE IN THE LEFT OF A DEAF PERSON INTERFERES WITH THEIR ABILITY TO SIGN. GENETICS AND BEHAVIOR BEHAVIORAL GENETICS-THE POWER OF GENETIC INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR. HERITABILITY- PROPORTION OF DIFFERENCE AMONG INDIVIUALS THAT CAN BE CREDITED TO GENES. EX. IF HERITATILITY IS 50% ON INTELLIGENCE THAT MEANS THAT 50% OF THE DIFFERENCES AMONG ALL PEOPLE’S INTELLIGENCE IS DUE TO GENES. THE MALE SPERM CARRIES 23 CHROMOSOMES THE FAMALE EGG CARRIES 23 CHROMOSOMES WHEN THESE UNITE THEY FORM THE 46 CHROMOSOMES THAT CONTAIN THE MASTER PLAN FOR YOUR DEVELOPMENT. EACH CHROMOSOME IS COMPOSED OF A COILED CHAIN OF DNA OUR GENES ARE WHAT MAKE US WHO WE ARE. EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS- THE STUDY OF EVOLUTIONARY BEHAVIOR USING THE PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL SELECTION. NATURE SELECTS BEHAVIORAL TENDENCIES THAT INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF SENDING ONE’S GENES INTO THE FUTURE. BIOLOGICAL GENETICS- GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR. IDENTICAL TWINS DEVELOP FROM A SINGLE ZYGOTE OR FERTILIZED EGG. FRATERNAL TWINS – TWO SEPARATE ZYGOTES. MOLECULAR GENETICS- STUDY GENETIC DISEASES