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Neuroscience and Behavior 1 How do they transmit information? 3 Nerve cells ◦ Basic building blocks of the body’s information processing system. Made up of ◦ Dendrites ◦ Axons 4 Receive information 5 Transmit information to other ◦ Neurons ◦ Muscles ◦ Glands 6 7 Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) bridge the gap Rats in an enriched environment will increase their synapses. 8 Enable communicatio n between neurons 9 Neurotransmitters (similar to morphine) Reduces pain ◦ E.g. Childbirth 10 What do these parts do? 11 Central nervous system ◦ Brain and spinal column Peripheral nervous system ◦ Links central nervous system (spinal cord) to sense receptors, muscles and glands 12 Brain and spinal column Severed spinal cord E.g. E.g. -Sally - knee jerk reaction without sensation of a tap on the knee ◦ Bill - No genital sensations, but has an erection when stimulated. 13 Sympathetic nervous system (Arousing) ◦ Increases heartbeat & blood pressure Parasympathetic nervous system (Calming) 14 Simple reflex pathway ◦ Knee-jerk reaction 15 Brain stem Limbic system Cerebral cortex Brainstem the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions. Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formation a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. Between the brain stem and the Cerebral cortex Includes: Hippocampus ◦ Memory Amygdala ◦ Emotion Aggression & Fear Hypothalamus ◦ Hunger, thirst, temperature, & sex Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to emotion of fear and anger. Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking body temperature, and emotions. Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Coordinates movements Left = Logical (Math) Right = Creative (Music) Best distinguishes us from other animals Transmits information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other Brain adjusts after damage ◦ Blind learning to read brail Damage to frontal lobe Creating images of the brain’s activity 35 Brain waves - Recording electrical activity ◦ CT scan ◦ MRI scan ◦ PET scan 37 Computed tomography X-ray photographs 38 Magnetic fields and radio waves create images of the brain’s soft tissues. Normal Schizophrenic 39 Positron emission tomography scan Radioactive glucose 41