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Biology Option Review Section E E.1.1. • Stimulus: A stimulus is an event, sensation, or movement of some kind that triggers a response within the body either chemically or can also manifest itself as an external physical response. • Response: A response is the body’s reaction to an outer environmental stimulus, such as a drop in temperature or a potential threat, which can either be an innate reflex or a conscious decision. • Reflex: A reflex is an innate reaction that the body performs automatically in response to certain stimuli that the body encounters, such as the blood arterioles contracting away from the skin surface to reserve heat as much as possible in harsh cold temperatures in humans. E.1.2. • Receptors are the first hand portions of the reactions to stimuli as they are part of the sensory neurons that allow the neurons to detect a foreign stimulus that the body must react to. The sensory neurons, after receiving the message that a stimulus has presented itself, relays the message onto the relay neurons which receive the message in a variety of forms depending on which sense has received the stimulus and which sensory neuron has delivered the message. The relay neurons then straight-shoot the message to the motors neurons to initiate a response. The motor neurons then decide whether the response is a reflex or if the choice should be conscious and trigger the synapses to turn on. The synapses then sort the correct neurotransmitters sent through and kick-start the actual response from the body by sending the message to the effectors. The effectors then, depending on the previous stages, elicit wither a physical or chemical response from the body to react to the new stimulus presented to it. All of this happens in mere microseconds. E.1.3. E.1.4. • Animal responses can be affected by natural selection in regards to higher rates of survival, as is the case with the Loggerhead turtles who are, after birth and successful survival until reproduction can occur, able to instinctively remember the beach they were born on, known as natal beaches, and travel immense distances when the time comes to lay their eggs, back to the beaches where they were born as they were able to survive themselves, thus the beach has a higher rate of survival. Through the Loggerhead turtles we see that the high survival rate importance from natural selection has affected this species by making them able to, from birth, memorize the exact location where they were born. Another example of this is the Asian Honeybee which builds its nest in dense foliage to avoid detection by predators. In a study done on the bees, it was found that if the foliage around the nest is removed, the nest is easily spotted and destroyed by predators, but under the heavy leaf coverage provided by the trees and bushes the nest remains safe and inconspicuous to predators. This behavior by the bees shows that, through the emphasis of the necessity of higher survival rates, this species has learned how to cope with predators finding their nests by camouflaging themselves with the nearby brush and foliage provided by their environment.