A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... stimulation, and decreases only above some cut-off frequency (Figure 2B, left). Hence, if U0 > Uthr, the synapse is depressing. On the other hand, when U0 < Uthr the amount of released resources first increases up to a peak input frequency so that the synapse is facilitating, then it decreases after ...
... stimulation, and decreases only above some cut-off frequency (Figure 2B, left). Hence, if U0 > Uthr, the synapse is depressing. On the other hand, when U0 < Uthr the amount of released resources first increases up to a peak input frequency so that the synapse is facilitating, then it decreases after ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... conditioning (Grillon et al., 1991), while unconditioned skin conductance response (SCR) diminishes as associative learning develops during Pavlovian fear conditioning (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Marcos & Redondo, 1999) . More specifically, the magnitude of the unconditioned SCR decreases as the CS ...
... conditioning (Grillon et al., 1991), while unconditioned skin conductance response (SCR) diminishes as associative learning develops during Pavlovian fear conditioning (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Marcos & Redondo, 1999) . More specifically, the magnitude of the unconditioned SCR decreases as the CS ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... the same event, and the neural inputs they generate are integrated more strongly than those from cues that are temporally displaced from one another. However, the present results from studies of cat SC neurons show that this "temporal principle" of multisensory integration is more nuanced than previ ...
... the same event, and the neural inputs they generate are integrated more strongly than those from cues that are temporally displaced from one another. However, the present results from studies of cat SC neurons show that this "temporal principle" of multisensory integration is more nuanced than previ ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... It could be possible (with no certainty) that the neural mechanisms which are involved in RI phenomenon, are similar to (or overlap with) those that cause generation of tinnitus (Roberts, 2007). By accepting aforesaid hypothesis, understanding neural mechanisms involved in RI can create a new horizo ...
... It could be possible (with no certainty) that the neural mechanisms which are involved in RI phenomenon, are similar to (or overlap with) those that cause generation of tinnitus (Roberts, 2007). By accepting aforesaid hypothesis, understanding neural mechanisms involved in RI can create a new horizo ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... important to consider the boundaries adopted here for the nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, is present throughout most of the rostrocaudal length of the amyg ...
... important to consider the boundaries adopted here for the nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, is present throughout most of the rostrocaudal length of the amyg ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... associated with greater fear conditioned SCRs compared to participants with low trait anxiety [34]. Further, our prior work has demonstrated that unconditioned fMRI signal responses from several brain regions fluctuate with trait anxiety level [17]. Specifically, trait anxiety varied with dlPFC, dmP ...
... associated with greater fear conditioned SCRs compared to participants with low trait anxiety [34]. Further, our prior work has demonstrated that unconditioned fMRI signal responses from several brain regions fluctuate with trait anxiety level [17]. Specifically, trait anxiety varied with dlPFC, dmP ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... (ABC, 1:250; Vector Labs) prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions in a 1% NDS PBS solution. After incubation in ABC, the sections were washed 3 times in PBS, followed by 3 washes in 0.1 M PB, pH 6.0. A peroxidase reaction using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the chromogen was then perfo ...
... (ABC, 1:250; Vector Labs) prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions in a 1% NDS PBS solution. After incubation in ABC, the sections were washed 3 times in PBS, followed by 3 washes in 0.1 M PB, pH 6.0. A peroxidase reaction using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the chromogen was then perfo ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
... and 80% contrast); low contrast values were generally chosen to be those eliciting b 50% of the maximum response in the cell's contrastresponse function, but still eliciting a reliable response (at least 2 SD greater than the spontaneous firing rate; typically between 4% and 30%; the cell in Fig. 2c ...
... and 80% contrast); low contrast values were generally chosen to be those eliciting b 50% of the maximum response in the cell's contrastresponse function, but still eliciting a reliable response (at least 2 SD greater than the spontaneous firing rate; typically between 4% and 30%; the cell in Fig. 2c ...
Kaczkurkin_umn_0130E_14221
... the CR as significantly more “nocive” or unpleasant than non-anxious individuals. This arousal is suggested to be substantial enough to serve as a replacement for the US which not only results in resistance to extinction but has been suggested to “incubate” or enhance the CR over time. There are cur ...
... the CR as significantly more “nocive” or unpleasant than non-anxious individuals. This arousal is suggested to be substantial enough to serve as a replacement for the US which not only results in resistance to extinction but has been suggested to “incubate” or enhance the CR over time. There are cur ...
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
... activation of these neurons is a signature of a false match. Neurons with phase disparity, precisely because they are tuned to impossible stimuli, enable false matches to be detected and rejected. We prove mathematically that, for uniform-disparity stimuli, this method is guaranteed to find the corr ...
... activation of these neurons is a signature of a false match. Neurons with phase disparity, precisely because they are tuned to impossible stimuli, enable false matches to be detected and rejected. We prove mathematically that, for uniform-disparity stimuli, this method is guaranteed to find the corr ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... demonstrated that these interneurons contact contralateral alpha motoneurons and either excite or inhibit them (Jankowska et al. 2003). By reconstructing axonal projections of commissural interneurons we have also demonstrated that they have widespread projections to neurons located outside motor nu ...
... demonstrated that these interneurons contact contralateral alpha motoneurons and either excite or inhibit them (Jankowska et al. 2003). By reconstructing axonal projections of commissural interneurons we have also demonstrated that they have widespread projections to neurons located outside motor nu ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... was 3.5 ± 0.7 Hz (range from 0.7 to 6.5 Hz, n = 8). After bath application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude of sEPSCs was 13.2 ± 1.4 pA (range from 7.5 to 19.2 pA) b ...
... was 3.5 ± 0.7 Hz (range from 0.7 to 6.5 Hz, n = 8). After bath application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude of sEPSCs was 13.2 ± 1.4 pA (range from 7.5 to 19.2 pA) b ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... g) were anesthetized with intravenous injections of urethane (800 mg/kg) and ␣-chloralose (70 mg/kg). The trachea, femoral vein, and femoral artery were cannulated for artificial ventilation, drug administration, and measurement of arterial pressure, respectively. Rectal temperature was maintained a ...
... g) were anesthetized with intravenous injections of urethane (800 mg/kg) and ␣-chloralose (70 mg/kg). The trachea, femoral vein, and femoral artery were cannulated for artificial ventilation, drug administration, and measurement of arterial pressure, respectively. Rectal temperature was maintained a ...
Anatomical Distribution of Serotonin- Containing
... By using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin (5-HT), an immunohistochemical study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the 5-HT-containing neurons and of the distribution of their axonal processes in the cat brain and spinal cord. The localization of cell bodies was comparable to ...
... By using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin (5-HT), an immunohistochemical study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the 5-HT-containing neurons and of the distribution of their axonal processes in the cat brain and spinal cord. The localization of cell bodies was comparable to ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... terminal fields in the rNST (Hamilton & Norgren, 1984). This gives rise to a significant degree of convergence between these nerves as well as to a loosely organized orotopic map within the rNST (S. P. Travers & Norgren, 1995). Many neurons receive input from both the chorda tympani and glossopharyn ...
... terminal fields in the rNST (Hamilton & Norgren, 1984). This gives rise to a significant degree of convergence between these nerves as well as to a loosely organized orotopic map within the rNST (S. P. Travers & Norgren, 1995). Many neurons receive input from both the chorda tympani and glossopharyn ...
PATHWAYS OF THREAT-AVOIDANCE 1 Safe From Harm: Learned
... provoking or threatening stimuli. Avoidance occurs when a response, such as pressing a key, in the context of a warning signal (e.g., a light) that precedes a US leads to omission of the US. By virtue of Pavlovian conditioning, the warning signal comes to function as a CS and elicits fear because of ...
... provoking or threatening stimuli. Avoidance occurs when a response, such as pressing a key, in the context of a warning signal (e.g., a light) that precedes a US leads to omission of the US. By virtue of Pavlovian conditioning, the warning signal comes to function as a CS and elicits fear because of ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... Guillery, 1996). The VPM receives its primary sensory input from the principal trigeminal nucleus through the lemniscal pathway (for review Diamond, 1995). Lemniscal terminals form glutamatergic synaptic contacts with the soma and proximal dendrites of VPM neurons (Spacek and Lieberman, 1974; Willia ...
... Guillery, 1996). The VPM receives its primary sensory input from the principal trigeminal nucleus through the lemniscal pathway (for review Diamond, 1995). Lemniscal terminals form glutamatergic synaptic contacts with the soma and proximal dendrites of VPM neurons (Spacek and Lieberman, 1974; Willia ...
Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex
... An efferent copy of the motor commands could also modulate the optokinetic responses in a predictive way depending on the type of behavior programmed by the pigeon. Finally, birds possess a specific lumbosacral apparatus, extensively studied by Necker and colleagues, that contributes to body stabili ...
... An efferent copy of the motor commands could also modulate the optokinetic responses in a predictive way depending on the type of behavior programmed by the pigeon. Finally, birds possess a specific lumbosacral apparatus, extensively studied by Necker and colleagues, that contributes to body stabili ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning. Under the aggregate prediction hypothesis, the S-P-H model correctly describes the effect of hippocampal lesions on acquisition of delay conditioning, extinction, latent inhibition, generalization, blocking, overshadowing, discrimination reversa ...
... second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning. Under the aggregate prediction hypothesis, the S-P-H model correctly describes the effect of hippocampal lesions on acquisition of delay conditioning, extinction, latent inhibition, generalization, blocking, overshadowing, discrimination reversa ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
2017
... attended an interview at the Department of Communication and Neuroscience at Keele University during which he was persuaded to switch systems and work on the physiology of hearing with Ted Evans. The early 1970s were exciting times in auditory science with an explosion of pioneering measurements on ...
... attended an interview at the Department of Communication and Neuroscience at Keele University during which he was persuaded to switch systems and work on the physiology of hearing with Ted Evans. The early 1970s were exciting times in auditory science with an explosion of pioneering measurements on ...