The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... significance, others were conditional, in that they would only respond if a particular stimulus was present, and if it was the one being currently rewarded. Other neurons had activity related to the outcome of the animal's response, with some indicating that reinforcement had been received and other ...
... significance, others were conditional, in that they would only respond if a particular stimulus was present, and if it was the one being currently rewarded. Other neurons had activity related to the outcome of the animal's response, with some indicating that reinforcement had been received and other ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... systematic differences across the various classes of taste stimuli, implying that the temporal characteristics of a response can convey information about a taste stimulus. Studies of temporal coding in the gustatory system have grappled with several unique methodological challenges, including the qu ...
... systematic differences across the various classes of taste stimuli, implying that the temporal characteristics of a response can convey information about a taste stimulus. Studies of temporal coding in the gustatory system have grappled with several unique methodological challenges, including the qu ...
Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary
... * Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected]. 0028-3908/98/$19.00 © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0028-3908(98)00069-0 ...
... * Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected]. 0028-3908/98/$19.00 © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0028-3908(98)00069-0 ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
Processing of Interaural Intensity Differences in the LSO: Role of
... probe tube (5 mm diam), that were placed in the funnel of each pinna. Maximum sound intensity was 85 dB SPL measured 0.5 cm from the opening of the probe tubes. Sound pressure and the frequency response of each earphone were measured with a 1/4-in. Bruel & Kjaer microphone (type 4135) and a Bruel & ...
... probe tube (5 mm diam), that were placed in the funnel of each pinna. Maximum sound intensity was 85 dB SPL measured 0.5 cm from the opening of the probe tubes. Sound pressure and the frequency response of each earphone were measured with a 1/4-in. Bruel & Kjaer microphone (type 4135) and a Bruel & ...
Neuro Objectives 22 - U
... Medial lemniscus (Contralateral touch/position): medial in caudal medulla → medial to inferior olivary nucleus in the rostral medulla → dorsolateral in the basal pons → ventromedial to the spinothalamic tract in the midbrain Spinothalamic tract (Contralateral pain/temperature): lateral in caudal med ...
... Medial lemniscus (Contralateral touch/position): medial in caudal medulla → medial to inferior olivary nucleus in the rostral medulla → dorsolateral in the basal pons → ventromedial to the spinothalamic tract in the midbrain Spinothalamic tract (Contralateral pain/temperature): lateral in caudal med ...
Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the
... SUMMARY Intelligent behavior requires acquiring and following rules. Rules define how our behavior should fit different situations. To understand its neural mechanisms, we simultaneously recorded from multiple electrodes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) while monkeys switched between two rule ...
... SUMMARY Intelligent behavior requires acquiring and following rules. Rules define how our behavior should fit different situations. To understand its neural mechanisms, we simultaneously recorded from multiple electrodes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) while monkeys switched between two rule ...
Visual detection deficits following inactivation of the superior colliculus in the cat
... Superior colliculus inhibition and visual deficits The animal sat at the center of a pair of orthogonal magnetic fields and gaze position was continuously monitored (Fuchs & Robinson, 1966). During the training period, cats initially learned to tolerate the minimal restraint while being fed in the ...
... Superior colliculus inhibition and visual deficits The animal sat at the center of a pair of orthogonal magnetic fields and gaze position was continuously monitored (Fuchs & Robinson, 1966). During the training period, cats initially learned to tolerate the minimal restraint while being fed in the ...
do simultaneously presented visual and auditory
... information are presented simultaneously while watching TV, the consequences may not be serious. However, if we are exposed to multiple stimuli (information) in different modalities while attending important meetings, conferences, or classes, we might try to attend to both auditory and visual stimul ...
... information are presented simultaneously while watching TV, the consequences may not be serious. However, if we are exposed to multiple stimuli (information) in different modalities while attending important meetings, conferences, or classes, we might try to attend to both auditory and visual stimul ...
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... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
Receptive fields and suppressive fields in the
... antagonistic surround of the receptive field or if it constituted an unexplained suppressive phenomenon. Nonetheless, these results led to fruitful studies of intrageniculate inhibition (e.g. Singer et al., 1972), and to the description of previously unknown suppressive effects (Levick et al., 1972) ...
... antagonistic surround of the receptive field or if it constituted an unexplained suppressive phenomenon. Nonetheless, these results led to fruitful studies of intrageniculate inhibition (e.g. Singer et al., 1972), and to the description of previously unknown suppressive effects (Levick et al., 1972) ...
Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... Abstract We studied responses of pulvinar neurons in awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons ana ...
... Abstract We studied responses of pulvinar neurons in awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons ana ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
... location. Furthermore, NPY-IR axons more densely innervated the periventricular parvocellular subdivision and the medial part of the medial parvocellular subdivision than PNMT-IR or DBH-IR fibers. The area of the medial parvocellular subdivision, where the majority of the hypophysiotropic CRH neuron ...
... location. Furthermore, NPY-IR axons more densely innervated the periventricular parvocellular subdivision and the medial part of the medial parvocellular subdivision than PNMT-IR or DBH-IR fibers. The area of the medial parvocellular subdivision, where the majority of the hypophysiotropic CRH neuron ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... of target tissues on specification and maintenance of the enkephalinergic phenotype. While multiple doses of 6-OHDA administered to neonatal animals over several days cause the death of sympathetic neurons (Angeletti and Levi-Montalcini, ...
... of target tissues on specification and maintenance of the enkephalinergic phenotype. While multiple doses of 6-OHDA administered to neonatal animals over several days cause the death of sympathetic neurons (Angeletti and Levi-Montalcini, ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... Figure 3C, bursts follow stimulus upstrokes over a wide range of frequencies. Figure 3D shows the mean slope of the stimuli preceding bursts at a range of frequencies. The maximal positive slopes (dark red) always precede bursts. Note, that at ⬎10 Hz there is a frequency-dependent delay of bursts up ...
... Figure 3C, bursts follow stimulus upstrokes over a wide range of frequencies. Figure 3D shows the mean slope of the stimuli preceding bursts at a range of frequencies. The maximal positive slopes (dark red) always precede bursts. Note, that at ⬎10 Hz there is a frequency-dependent delay of bursts up ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... processed for AChE nistochemistry were viewed at 200X magnification through a square 10 X 10 grid ( 5 X 5 mm actual dimensions) placed in the ocular of a Nikon Compound microscope (Fig. 1). At the above magnification, the grid contained a square of tissue 250 X 250 |Am. The grid was adjusted such th ...
... processed for AChE nistochemistry were viewed at 200X magnification through a square 10 X 10 grid ( 5 X 5 mm actual dimensions) placed in the ocular of a Nikon Compound microscope (Fig. 1). At the above magnification, the grid contained a square of tissue 250 X 250 |Am. The grid was adjusted such th ...
Stretch reflexes. (Final).
... ○ Dynamic stretch reflex is the bases of: tendon jerk, contraction followed by relaxation(knee,biceps,triceps,ankle). ○ Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex: - Knee Jerk and Other Muscle Jerks Can Be Used as clinical application. - The purpose is to: determine how much background excit ...
... ○ Dynamic stretch reflex is the bases of: tendon jerk, contraction followed by relaxation(knee,biceps,triceps,ankle). ○ Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex: - Knee Jerk and Other Muscle Jerks Can Be Used as clinical application. - The purpose is to: determine how much background excit ...
maintenance of motor pattern phase relationships in the ventilatory
... burst (Dep1 End), the end of the D2a motor neuron burst (D2a End) and then the end of the D2b motor neuron activity, which also marks the end of the total depressor burst (Dep End=Dep2 End=Dep2b End). The start of levator group one activity (Lev Start=Lev1 group start) occurs just before the end of ...
... burst (Dep1 End), the end of the D2a motor neuron burst (D2a End) and then the end of the D2b motor neuron activity, which also marks the end of the total depressor burst (Dep End=Dep2 End=Dep2b End). The start of levator group one activity (Lev Start=Lev1 group start) occurs just before the end of ...
Modulation of Behavior by Expected Reward Magnitude Depends
... the outcomes associated with actions. Relatively little is known about the role of pDMS in behavioral modulation by reward-predictive cues. Therefore, we set out to examine how the pDMS modulates reward-seeking responses that are guided by visual cues. In particular, we were interested how dopamine ...
... the outcomes associated with actions. Relatively little is known about the role of pDMS in behavioral modulation by reward-predictive cues. Therefore, we set out to examine how the pDMS modulates reward-seeking responses that are guided by visual cues. In particular, we were interested how dopamine ...
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... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
... • The stimuli • The cutaneous senses respond to several different types of stimuli: pressure, vibration, heating, cooling, and events that cause tissue damage (and hence pain). • Some receptors report changes in _______________ to the brain; providing our sense of ______________. • Additional recept ...
... • The stimuli • The cutaneous senses respond to several different types of stimuli: pressure, vibration, heating, cooling, and events that cause tissue damage (and hence pain). • Some receptors report changes in _______________ to the brain; providing our sense of ______________. • Additional recept ...
Course of spinocerebellar axons in the ventral and lateral funiculi of
... involvement of the paramedian lobule bilaterally. Another two cases (C253 and C256) had injections covering sublobules VIIB, VIIIA and VIIIB, and parts of the termination area in the paramedian lobule, most prominently in one of them (C253). In this case, the medial part of dorsal paraflocculus was ...
... involvement of the paramedian lobule bilaterally. Another two cases (C253 and C256) had injections covering sublobules VIIB, VIIIA and VIIIB, and parts of the termination area in the paramedian lobule, most prominently in one of them (C253). In this case, the medial part of dorsal paraflocculus was ...
Recruitment properties of intramuscular and nerve
... resolution and reliability approaching that of natural neural control. Unfortunately, electrical stimulation of motor axons tends to result in a recruitment order opposite to that obtained by synaptic inputs [1], [2]. Normally, the smaller motoneurons innervating small numbers of slow, fatigue-resis ...
... resolution and reliability approaching that of natural neural control. Unfortunately, electrical stimulation of motor axons tends to result in a recruitment order opposite to that obtained by synaptic inputs [1], [2]. Normally, the smaller motoneurons innervating small numbers of slow, fatigue-resis ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
... The ANS is responsible for the body’s visceral reflexes— unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation, much like the somatic reflexes discussed in chapter 14 but involving visceral receptors and effectors and somewhat slower responses. Some authorities regard the visceral afferent (s ...
... The ANS is responsible for the body’s visceral reflexes— unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation, much like the somatic reflexes discussed in chapter 14 but involving visceral receptors and effectors and somewhat slower responses. Some authorities regard the visceral afferent (s ...
Treatment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
... A genetic form of conductive hearing loss is otosclerosis, in which there is bony fixation of the stapes (the third little bone of hearing in the middle ear), where sound can’t get to the middle ear. Otosclerosis usually presents with hearing loss in early adulthood. Otosclerosis can successfully be ...
... A genetic form of conductive hearing loss is otosclerosis, in which there is bony fixation of the stapes (the third little bone of hearing in the middle ear), where sound can’t get to the middle ear. Otosclerosis usually presents with hearing loss in early adulthood. Otosclerosis can successfully be ...