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physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... Given that learning involves not merely the acquisition of responses, but also the acquisition of information about relationships between stimuli, it is still necessary to have a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the infer ...
... Given that learning involves not merely the acquisition of responses, but also the acquisition of information about relationships between stimuli, it is still necessary to have a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the infer ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... Fig. 2. Construction of the temporal difference prediction error signal d in the model of Fig. 1. Left and right plots show the various key signals, including uðtÞ; marking the presentation of the stimulus, rðtÞ; the immediate reward, vðtÞ; the prediction of summed future reward, Dvðt þ 1Þ ¼ vðt þ 1 ...
... Fig. 2. Construction of the temporal difference prediction error signal d in the model of Fig. 1. Left and right plots show the various key signals, including uðtÞ; marking the presentation of the stimulus, rðtÞ; the immediate reward, vðtÞ; the prediction of summed future reward, Dvðt þ 1Þ ¼ vðt þ 1 ...
Spatio-temporal dynamics of depth propagation on uniform region
... perceived at a brightness consistent with the steep discontinuity. Davey, Maddess, and Srinivasan (1998) investigated the temporal properties of the brightness changes due to this effect. They used a COCE pattern with a continuously reversing edge contrast and showed that changes in perceived brightn ...
... perceived at a brightness consistent with the steep discontinuity. Davey, Maddess, and Srinivasan (1998) investigated the temporal properties of the brightness changes due to this effect. They used a COCE pattern with a continuously reversing edge contrast and showed that changes in perceived brightn ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... Neuroscience in January 1995, and were licensed under the U.K. Animals (ScientiWc Procedures) Act 1986. The monkey was fed during the experiments and on return to its home cage and was allowed ad lib access to water. Glass coated tungsten microelectrodes were constructed in the manner of Merrill and ...
... Neuroscience in January 1995, and were licensed under the U.K. Animals (ScientiWc Procedures) Act 1986. The monkey was fed during the experiments and on return to its home cage and was allowed ad lib access to water. Glass coated tungsten microelectrodes were constructed in the manner of Merrill and ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... vicina) to stain small ensembles of neurons with a calcium-sensitive dye. We studied the responses of these neuronal ensembles to spatial and temporal brightness modulations and found selectivity for grating orientation. In contrast, the responses to the two opposite directions of motion of a gratin ...
... vicina) to stain small ensembles of neurons with a calcium-sensitive dye. We studied the responses of these neuronal ensembles to spatial and temporal brightness modulations and found selectivity for grating orientation. In contrast, the responses to the two opposite directions of motion of a gratin ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... connections onto layers 2 and 3 (L2/3) of the mouse A1. Consistent with the organization of other cortical regions, synaptic inputs along the isofrequency axis (orthogonal to the tonotopic axis) arose predominantly within a column. By contrast, we found that local connections along the tonotopic axi ...
... connections onto layers 2 and 3 (L2/3) of the mouse A1. Consistent with the organization of other cortical regions, synaptic inputs along the isofrequency axis (orthogonal to the tonotopic axis) arose predominantly within a column. By contrast, we found that local connections along the tonotopic axi ...
Newborn infants` auditory system is sensitive to Western music
... ERP studies have shown that the auditory system of newborn infants can discriminate sound properties like pitch, duration and location (for a review, see Trehub, 2003), as well as more complex sound features based on e.g., abstract rules that define the order of the stimuli (Ruusuvirta et al., 2003; ...
... ERP studies have shown that the auditory system of newborn infants can discriminate sound properties like pitch, duration and location (for a review, see Trehub, 2003), as well as more complex sound features based on e.g., abstract rules that define the order of the stimuli (Ruusuvirta et al., 2003; ...
Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... of cool stimuli, but affective value (pleasantness and unpleasantness) ratings were not obtained, and warm stimuli were not used (Craig et al., 2000). In another PET study, activations to warmth were found in the orbitofrontal cortex, but no potential correlations with pleasantness ratings were inve ...
... of cool stimuli, but affective value (pleasantness and unpleasantness) ratings were not obtained, and warm stimuli were not used (Craig et al., 2000). In another PET study, activations to warmth were found in the orbitofrontal cortex, but no potential correlations with pleasantness ratings were inve ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). Axons threshold out noise by generating signals that are much larger and far sharper than the noise inherent in the axon, allowing signals to maintain their integrity ...
... would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). Axons threshold out noise by generating signals that are much larger and far sharper than the noise inherent in the axon, allowing signals to maintain their integrity ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
... (Fig. 2A) (Keithley et al., 1992; Turner and Caspary, 2005). Fig. 2 displays the modest age-related inner hair cell changes for both strains while outer hair cell changes are more extensive (Fig. 2A), and likely subserve the 20–30 dB parallel age-related shift in functional threshold measures using ...
... (Fig. 2A) (Keithley et al., 1992; Turner and Caspary, 2005). Fig. 2 displays the modest age-related inner hair cell changes for both strains while outer hair cell changes are more extensive (Fig. 2A), and likely subserve the 20–30 dB parallel age-related shift in functional threshold measures using ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... nonreinforced presentations each of the T, L, and the C stimuli, as well as two presentations of the TL and TC compounds. The TC compound was presented for the first time during the probe trials. The presentation of the C stimulus, both alone and in compound with the T stimulus, was to verify that t ...
... nonreinforced presentations each of the T, L, and the C stimuli, as well as two presentations of the TL and TC compounds. The TC compound was presented for the first time during the probe trials. The presentation of the C stimulus, both alone and in compound with the T stimulus, was to verify that t ...
Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through
... Imagine a model of the human brain that is both, complete to the point of producing behavior that is indistinguishable from human behavior, and detailed to the point of atomistic resolution. This hypothetical model would be an invaluable tool in place of imperfect experimental recordings from living ...
... Imagine a model of the human brain that is both, complete to the point of producing behavior that is indistinguishable from human behavior, and detailed to the point of atomistic resolution. This hypothetical model would be an invaluable tool in place of imperfect experimental recordings from living ...
Functional Specialization Within the Cat Red Nucleus
... Gibson. Functional specialization within the cat red nucleus. J Neurophysiol 87: 469 – 477, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00949.2000. Magnocellular (RNm) and parvicellular (RNp) divisions of the cat red nucleus (RN) project to the cervical spinal cord. RNp projects more heavily to upper cervical levels and RNm p ...
... Gibson. Functional specialization within the cat red nucleus. J Neurophysiol 87: 469 – 477, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00949.2000. Magnocellular (RNm) and parvicellular (RNp) divisions of the cat red nucleus (RN) project to the cervical spinal cord. RNp projects more heavily to upper cervical levels and RNm p ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine an ...
... stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine an ...
Functional Properties of Neurons in Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... space. It may be that MT is concerned only with restricted aspects of visual motion. It is known that many neurons in macaque VI are direction selective (14, 46), and the only conspicuous difference between this population and neurons in MT is the larger receptive fields of the latter. However, it m ...
... space. It may be that MT is concerned only with restricted aspects of visual motion. It is known that many neurons in macaque VI are direction selective (14, 46), and the only conspicuous difference between this population and neurons in MT is the larger receptive fields of the latter. However, it m ...
View/Open
... cortex, the visual information is analyzed in two major pathways in the secondary visual areas. 1. Analysis of Third-Dimensional Position, Gross Form, and Motion of Objects. One of the analytical pathways, demonstrated in Figure 51-3 by the black arrows, analyzes the third-dimensional positions of ...
... cortex, the visual information is analyzed in two major pathways in the secondary visual areas. 1. Analysis of Third-Dimensional Position, Gross Form, and Motion of Objects. One of the analytical pathways, demonstrated in Figure 51-3 by the black arrows, analyzes the third-dimensional positions of ...
Prefrontal and parietal cortex mediate the interference
... explicitly estimated. We analyzed the degree of adaptation to repetition of duration, as above, under conditions in which the participants were engaged in the shape task. In both experiment 1 and experiment 2, neural adaptation to time during the shape task was observed in the right IPL (including t ...
... explicitly estimated. We analyzed the degree of adaptation to repetition of duration, as above, under conditions in which the participants were engaged in the shape task. In both experiment 1 and experiment 2, neural adaptation to time during the shape task was observed in the right IPL (including t ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... 3.4, and 3.6 mm caudal to the bregma, on both sides of the brain. The counts were summarized and the individual mean values from 5 animals per group were analyzed except for the sham refed group, which consisted of only 3 animals. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bo ...
... 3.4, and 3.6 mm caudal to the bregma, on both sides of the brain. The counts were summarized and the individual mean values from 5 animals per group were analyzed except for the sham refed group, which consisted of only 3 animals. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bo ...
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... Pairing NB stimulation with a 19-kHz tone shifted the response of A1 and PAF neurons to favor high-frequency tones over low-frequency tones and increased frequency selectivity in PAF. In A1 the bias for high frequencies results from receptive field shifts with little change in bandwidth. In PAF the ...
... Pairing NB stimulation with a 19-kHz tone shifted the response of A1 and PAF neurons to favor high-frequency tones over low-frequency tones and increased frequency selectivity in PAF. In A1 the bias for high frequencies results from receptive field shifts with little change in bandwidth. In PAF the ...
Auditory cortical processing: Binaural interaction in healthy
... The tympanic membrane, a thin, 0.1 mm thick 2–3 layer membrane between the outer and middle ear, conveys the mechanical vibration of air to the movements of ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes). The conical-shape tympanic membrane moves the manubrium of malleus twice as much as the force would othe ...
... The tympanic membrane, a thin, 0.1 mm thick 2–3 layer membrane between the outer and middle ear, conveys the mechanical vibration of air to the movements of ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes). The conical-shape tympanic membrane moves the manubrium of malleus twice as much as the force would othe ...