stretch reflex 2
... b)Clinical significance: (clasp knife effect) • It is demonstrated clinically by passive flexion of a spastic limb (e.g. in upper motor neuron lesions) at its main joint. • As the limb is flexed, an initial resistance occurs due to contraction of this ms a result of the stretch reflex. • With persis ...
... b)Clinical significance: (clasp knife effect) • It is demonstrated clinically by passive flexion of a spastic limb (e.g. in upper motor neuron lesions) at its main joint. • As the limb is flexed, an initial resistance occurs due to contraction of this ms a result of the stretch reflex. • With persis ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise movement of the neuron in three dimensions by means of three precision stepper motors, each mounted on a different axis of the mechanical microscope stage. The neuron is moved under the microscope so that its branch ...
... nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise movement of the neuron in three dimensions by means of three precision stepper motors, each mounted on a different axis of the mechanical microscope stage. The neuron is moved under the microscope so that its branch ...
2 m – 32. Autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system
... Giving definition: an autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system (autonomic nervous system), parts, features, objects innervation. Treat morphological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Identify and demonstrate on the preparations of t ...
... Giving definition: an autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system (autonomic nervous system), parts, features, objects innervation. Treat morphological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Identify and demonstrate on the preparations of t ...
Central projections of auditory receptor neurons of crickets
... viewed and photographed with standard or confocal fluorescent microscopy and drawn by tracing the image of a negative projected with a photographic enlarger. Receptor neurons were classified physiologically on the basis of their responses to 30-ms sound pulses, presented twice per second. Sound freque ...
... viewed and photographed with standard or confocal fluorescent microscopy and drawn by tracing the image of a negative projected with a photographic enlarger. Receptor neurons were classified physiologically on the basis of their responses to 30-ms sound pulses, presented twice per second. Sound freque ...
Models and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
... erated using square-wave gratings (the sum of many sinusoidal gratings), so they have power over a wide range of spatiotemporal frequencies at the same orientation. Because these stimuli contain multiple frequencies, they are poorly suited for isolating single spatiotemporal frequencies, as required ...
... erated using square-wave gratings (the sum of many sinusoidal gratings), so they have power over a wide range of spatiotemporal frequencies at the same orientation. Because these stimuli contain multiple frequencies, they are poorly suited for isolating single spatiotemporal frequencies, as required ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
... Figure 1A shows the stimulus set, which consisted of photos of human faces, that was used in the present study. These photos have been previously reported to activate monkey amygdala neurons (Tazumi et al., 2010). The facial photos, which were obtained with five human models, consisted of three head ...
... Figure 1A shows the stimulus set, which consisted of photos of human faces, that was used in the present study. These photos have been previously reported to activate monkey amygdala neurons (Tazumi et al., 2010). The facial photos, which were obtained with five human models, consisted of three head ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
The dual-pathway model of auditory signal
... in the ventral occipitotemporal cortex become more activated in the object identity tasks and regions in the dorsal occipitoparietal cortex become activated in the spatial-localization tasks, in agreement with results from studies using monkeys[12]. Nevertheless, the neural computational strategies ...
... in the ventral occipitotemporal cortex become more activated in the object identity tasks and regions in the dorsal occipitoparietal cortex become activated in the spatial-localization tasks, in agreement with results from studies using monkeys[12]. Nevertheless, the neural computational strategies ...
Ecology and Echolocation of Bats and Toothed Whales
... can be highly evolved to focus sonar pulses, or the mouth. Returning echoes are received in the ears, and pinna can be highly developed and moveable to optimally receive signals (Altringham 1996). Several species of the genus Rousettus, megachiropterans, emit sonar pulses not by their larynx, but by ...
... can be highly evolved to focus sonar pulses, or the mouth. Returning echoes are received in the ears, and pinna can be highly developed and moveable to optimally receive signals (Altringham 1996). Several species of the genus Rousettus, megachiropterans, emit sonar pulses not by their larynx, but by ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... deeper than intended, and the stimulation elicited electromyographic (EMG) activity with a latency that suggested that current had spread to the trigeminal nerve. An example is seen in Figure 4C (lower right). When the stimulation electrode was withdrawn about 100 mm, these responses disappeared, wh ...
... deeper than intended, and the stimulation elicited electromyographic (EMG) activity with a latency that suggested that current had spread to the trigeminal nerve. An example is seen in Figure 4C (lower right). When the stimulation electrode was withdrawn about 100 mm, these responses disappeared, wh ...
Neural Control of Interappendage Phase During Locomotion
... producing the normal rhythmic output to a limb. The technique which has been utilized in the crayfish swimmeret system is the isolation of the presumptive control center from the remainder of the CNS. The abdominal nerve cord of a crayfish consists of a series of segmental ganglia which are anatomic ...
... producing the normal rhythmic output to a limb. The technique which has been utilized in the crayfish swimmeret system is the isolation of the presumptive control center from the remainder of the CNS. The abdominal nerve cord of a crayfish consists of a series of segmental ganglia which are anatomic ...
A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
Saccadic Suppression of Retinotopically Localized Blood Oxygen
... quested to press one of two buttons to signal whether they detected the fMRI measurements distributed over different days were conducted for flashed Gabors (conditions F and S were identical to G and G⫹S except in each subject. that no Gabors were presented), and an orientation discrimination task R ...
... quested to press one of two buttons to signal whether they detected the fMRI measurements distributed over different days were conducted for flashed Gabors (conditions F and S were identical to G and G⫹S except in each subject. that no Gabors were presented), and an orientation discrimination task R ...
Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly
... We found significant BOLD responses within the primary and secondary auditory cortices (BA 41/42) of both hemispheres to all types of stimuli. The responses to tones as well as to the sound stimuli are stronger within the right auditory cortex, with an increasing cluster size and significance level ...
... We found significant BOLD responses within the primary and secondary auditory cortices (BA 41/42) of both hemispheres to all types of stimuli. The responses to tones as well as to the sound stimuli are stronger within the right auditory cortex, with an increasing cluster size and significance level ...
Optic Glomeruli and Their Inputs inDrosophilaShare an
... averaged dB power from 2 to 80 Hz through a given time period can be calculated from the time–frequency analysis. We also used an alternative method to calculate time-averaged power spectra (see Fig. 6C), which ...
... averaged dB power from 2 to 80 Hz through a given time period can be calculated from the time–frequency analysis. We also used an alternative method to calculate time-averaged power spectra (see Fig. 6C), which ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... contractions. For the resolution of fast movements, e.g., during touch responses, the specimen was illuminated by a strobe light set to 250 Hz (Strobotac 1531-A; General Radio Co.), permitting the recording of four superimposed images (separated by 4 ms) and therefore a time resolution about four ti ...
... contractions. For the resolution of fast movements, e.g., during touch responses, the specimen was illuminated by a strobe light set to 250 Hz (Strobotac 1531-A; General Radio Co.), permitting the recording of four superimposed images (separated by 4 ms) and therefore a time resolution about four ti ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... barrel field cortex of the awake rat. J Neurophysiol 84: 1497–1504, 2000. Whisker deflection typically evokes a transient volley of action potentials in rat somatic sensory (SI) barrel cortex. Postexcitatory inhibition is thought to quickly terminate the cortical cell response to whisker deflection. ...
... barrel field cortex of the awake rat. J Neurophysiol 84: 1497–1504, 2000. Whisker deflection typically evokes a transient volley of action potentials in rat somatic sensory (SI) barrel cortex. Postexcitatory inhibition is thought to quickly terminate the cortical cell response to whisker deflection. ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... through specific, dedicated, sensory receptors. By contrast, the function of rewards is defined by their action on behavior. Neural decision-making systems, dealing with the pursuit of essential objects for survival, would benefit from explicit neuronal signals for reward, just as visual perception ...
... through specific, dedicated, sensory receptors. By contrast, the function of rewards is defined by their action on behavior. Neural decision-making systems, dealing with the pursuit of essential objects for survival, would benefit from explicit neuronal signals for reward, just as visual perception ...
Timescales of Inference in Visual Adaptation
... nonrectified, the r.m.s. current was fit with the same function. The exponential amplitude A and baseline c did not change significantly as a function of the switching period (not shown). Figure 1E shows the population average time constant as a function of period. The average effective time constan ...
... nonrectified, the r.m.s. current was fit with the same function. The exponential amplitude A and baseline c did not change significantly as a function of the switching period (not shown). Figure 1E shows the population average time constant as a function of period. The average effective time constan ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... Parkinson, Connor, Dickinson, & Everitt, 2001). Indeed, animals with NAc lesions, even if made after FOC, are unable to use the motivational value of a CS to acquire and express new responses in SOC (McDannald, Setlow, & Holland, 2013). Further, disconnection lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA ...
... Parkinson, Connor, Dickinson, & Everitt, 2001). Indeed, animals with NAc lesions, even if made after FOC, are unable to use the motivational value of a CS to acquire and express new responses in SOC (McDannald, Setlow, & Holland, 2013). Further, disconnection lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... were used to fit the parameters wi j , κi j , βi j , αi j and ξi j of the M basis functions defined by equation (1) to the dependent neural response of interest—which in this case was response latency. The details of the approximation techniques can be found in Jenison et al (1998, 2001a). The linea ...
... were used to fit the parameters wi j , κi j , βi j , αi j and ξi j of the M basis functions defined by equation (1) to the dependent neural response of interest—which in this case was response latency. The details of the approximation techniques can be found in Jenison et al (1998, 2001a). The linea ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... al. 2000; Horwitz et al. 2005; Horwitz and Hass 2012; Solomon and Lennie 2005). The possibility remains that near detection threshold, individual V1 neurons are preferentially sensitive to modulations in the cardinal color directions, as would be the case if only L⫺M or S-cone-dominated lateral geni ...
... al. 2000; Horwitz et al. 2005; Horwitz and Hass 2012; Solomon and Lennie 2005). The possibility remains that near detection threshold, individual V1 neurons are preferentially sensitive to modulations in the cardinal color directions, as would be the case if only L⫺M or S-cone-dominated lateral geni ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... visual structures respond as they do during constant fixation, the resulting barrage of action potentials could disrupt the information that enters the brain soon after each eye movement. Many mammals make fast eye movements, but saccades reach higher velocities and are more frequent in primates tha ...
... visual structures respond as they do during constant fixation, the resulting barrage of action potentials could disrupt the information that enters the brain soon after each eye movement. Many mammals make fast eye movements, but saccades reach higher velocities and are more frequent in primates tha ...