Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies of mature VN neurons (red arrows) located in the intermediate region of the sensory epithelium. No other ...
... selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies of mature VN neurons (red arrows) located in the intermediate region of the sensory epithelium. No other ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... implemented in the brain in various neuronal reward signals, and thus does seem to have a physical basis. Although sophisticated forms of reward and decision processes are far more fascinating than arcane fundamental variables, their investigation may be crucial for understanding reward processing. ...
... implemented in the brain in various neuronal reward signals, and thus does seem to have a physical basis. Although sophisticated forms of reward and decision processes are far more fascinating than arcane fundamental variables, their investigation may be crucial for understanding reward processing. ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... through many brain regions wherein the pathway is split, loops back onto itself and joins together with others. At each step, neurons dynamically transform and filter the signal. To understand how the brain arrives at a sensory percept, it is therefore essential to determine the neuronal connectivit ...
... through many brain regions wherein the pathway is split, loops back onto itself and joins together with others. At each step, neurons dynamically transform and filter the signal. To understand how the brain arrives at a sensory percept, it is therefore essential to determine the neuronal connectivit ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... analysis of the moment-by-moment multisensory and unisensory responses of SC neurons to derive two basic principles of the multisensory transform: (1) that inputs from different modalities were integrated continuously and in real-time, and (2) that later portions of the response were indeed shaped b ...
... analysis of the moment-by-moment multisensory and unisensory responses of SC neurons to derive two basic principles of the multisensory transform: (1) that inputs from different modalities were integrated continuously and in real-time, and (2) that later portions of the response were indeed shaped b ...
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
... information across channels to overcome the false-match problem in this situation, even in uniform-disparity stereograms7,19–22. Of course, real images contain multiple disparities, so the proof no longer holds. In such images, our method may give conflicting results in different spatial frequency a ...
... information across channels to overcome the false-match problem in this situation, even in uniform-disparity stereograms7,19–22. Of course, real images contain multiple disparities, so the proof no longer holds. In such images, our method may give conflicting results in different spatial frequency a ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... differentiate between these two possibilities by measuring whether neurons that are located near each other in cortex exhibit similar degrees of normalization. ...
... differentiate between these two possibilities by measuring whether neurons that are located near each other in cortex exhibit similar degrees of normalization. ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems suggests distinct function of these populations where the modulators provide a scalar signal to the main axis of the basal ganglia network. The neural- ...
... concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems suggests distinct function of these populations where the modulators provide a scalar signal to the main axis of the basal ganglia network. The neural- ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... of simulating saccadic sensory to motor transformations. This model was designed to predict how the spatial interactions between neural signals related to visual processing and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was stron ...
... of simulating saccadic sensory to motor transformations. This model was designed to predict how the spatial interactions between neural signals related to visual processing and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was stron ...
Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Flexible Categorization
... degree of similarity of activity in response to the different images. If the activity level was similar to the two images, the correlation would be higher than if activity was different. Permutation tests (Manly, 1997) were used to assess whether average coefficient values were greater than those ob ...
... degree of similarity of activity in response to the different images. If the activity level was similar to the two images, the correlation would be higher than if activity was different. Permutation tests (Manly, 1997) were used to assess whether average coefficient values were greater than those ob ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
Neurally Plausible Model of Robot Reaching Inspired by Infant
... In this dissertation, we present an abstract model of infant reaching that is neurally-plausible. This model is grounded in embodied artificial intelligence, which emphasizes the importance of the sensorimotor interaction of an agent and the world. It includes both learning sensorimotor correlations ...
... In this dissertation, we present an abstract model of infant reaching that is neurally-plausible. This model is grounded in embodied artificial intelligence, which emphasizes the importance of the sensorimotor interaction of an agent and the world. It includes both learning sensorimotor correlations ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... auditory system to characterize single-unit responses. In particular, we looked at the frequency selectivity as defined by best frequency and the width of the frequency tuning; we looked at both the pure tone threshold and level-dependency; we characterized the temporal discharge patterns elicited b ...
... auditory system to characterize single-unit responses. In particular, we looked at the frequency selectivity as defined by best frequency and the width of the frequency tuning; we looked at both the pure tone threshold and level-dependency; we characterized the temporal discharge patterns elicited b ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, according to that hypothesis, only in the supplementary motor area (SMA) which was n ...
... portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, according to that hypothesis, only in the supplementary motor area (SMA) which was n ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... During cerebral cortical development, ingrowing axons from different thalamic nuclei select and invade their cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical tar ...
... During cerebral cortical development, ingrowing axons from different thalamic nuclei select and invade their cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical tar ...
A self-organizing model of disparity maps in the primary visual cortex
... Current models of primary visual cortex (V1) development show how visual features such as orientation and eye preference can emerge from spontaneous and visually evoked neural activity, but it is not yet known whether spatially organized maps for low-level visual pattern disparity are present in V1, ...
... Current models of primary visual cortex (V1) development show how visual features such as orientation and eye preference can emerge from spontaneous and visually evoked neural activity, but it is not yet known whether spatially organized maps for low-level visual pattern disparity are present in V1, ...
The Structure of Pairwise Correlation in Mouse Primary Visual
... to each other, creating a functional map [e.g., orientation pinwheels in primary visual cortex (V1)]. Despite the ubiquity of maps, their role is unclear. For example, although rodent V1 lacks an orientation map (Ohki et al. 2005), single-cell orientation selectivity is not grossly different than in ...
... to each other, creating a functional map [e.g., orientation pinwheels in primary visual cortex (V1)]. Despite the ubiquity of maps, their role is unclear. For example, although rodent V1 lacks an orientation map (Ohki et al. 2005), single-cell orientation selectivity is not grossly different than in ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... mechanisms that underlie compensatory plasticity after brain damage, particularly when multiple brain areas or multiple modalities are included. In this thesis, I studied the function of auditory cortex after recovery from neonatal midbrain damage as a model system that resembles patients with brain ...
... mechanisms that underlie compensatory plasticity after brain damage, particularly when multiple brain areas or multiple modalities are included. In this thesis, I studied the function of auditory cortex after recovery from neonatal midbrain damage as a model system that resembles patients with brain ...
Condition interference in rats performing a choice task with switched
... upon responses to any situation is essential. To date, however, decision processes and the underlying neural substrates have been investigated under specific conditions; thus, little is known about how various conditions influence one another in these processes. In this study, we designed a binary c ...
... upon responses to any situation is essential. To date, however, decision processes and the underlying neural substrates have been investigated under specific conditions; thus, little is known about how various conditions influence one another in these processes. In this study, we designed a binary c ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
... Different resolution images in different levels How do we know where the coarser level edges are in the finer edge detected image Seems very complex yet eye does it easily ...
... Different resolution images in different levels How do we know where the coarser level edges are in the finer edge detected image Seems very complex yet eye does it easily ...
melanogaster
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... an autocorrelation histogram. Cross-correlation analyses were perreceived a subcutaneous injection of 7.5 mg/kg furosemide and 5 mg/kg formed to ensure that all neurons were counted only once in the analyses. deoxycortisone acetate immediately after testing on day 1 (Flynn et al., We did not presume ...
... an autocorrelation histogram. Cross-correlation analyses were perreceived a subcutaneous injection of 7.5 mg/kg furosemide and 5 mg/kg formed to ensure that all neurons were counted only once in the analyses. deoxycortisone acetate immediately after testing on day 1 (Flynn et al., We did not presume ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... of 34 neurons. Similarly, the overall responsiveness varied substantially over time. The harmonic response to a 50% contrast stimulus varied on average by 25 ⫾ 16 spikes/s, with variations of ⬎40 spikes/s in 4 of 34 neurons. These variations in spontaneous firing rate and responsiveness were not sta ...
... of 34 neurons. Similarly, the overall responsiveness varied substantially over time. The harmonic response to a 50% contrast stimulus varied on average by 25 ⫾ 16 spikes/s, with variations of ⬎40 spikes/s in 4 of 34 neurons. These variations in spontaneous firing rate and responsiveness were not sta ...
Efficient coding hypothesis
The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment.