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B6 Brain and Mind – Summary Sheet (1) A. What is behaviour? B. Simple reflexes in humans Behaviour is anything an animal does to respond to changes in its surroundings and is important for its survival e.g. woodlice move away from light to stop them from dehydrating. response Everything an organism does – its response to all the stimuli around it. involuntary Action that is caused by a stimulus behaviour An automatic response made by the body without conscious thought. stimulus An automatic response made by an animal to a stimulus simple reflex A change in the environment that causes a response. Babies have newborn ______________ ( e.g. grasping, sucking, startle, swimming) that are only present for a short period of time after birth and are replaced by ______________ learned from _________________ . If a newborn reflex is missing at birth, it may mean that the baby’s _______________ system is not developing properly. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) or cot death may be because a baby’s _____________ reflexes have not _____________ properly. Word bank: behaviours matured nervous simple experiences reflexes C. Your nervous system – coordinates your behaviour and reflexes. Nerve impulses are passed along the nervous system in a pathway called the reflex arc. Brain Spinal cord Nerves are bundles of specialised cells called neurons. 2. 1. (detect external stimuli) Nerves branch off the central nervous system to all parts of the body 3. 4. The peripheral nervous system links the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body. 5. (muscles or glands) Word bank: synapse, motor neuron, sensory neuron, receptor, effector Motor Neuron Word bank: cell body, axon, fatty sheath, branched ends B6 Brain and Mind – Summary Sheet (2) D. Synapses – neurons do not touch each other, so nerve impulses must be passed across tiny gaps called synapses. Impulses cannot jump across synapses, so natural chemicals are used to pass an impulse from one neuron to the next. Some drugs interfere with nerve impulses. 1 2 3 6 The gap is 20 nanometres (nm) wide 5 E. The Brain – Complex behaviours need to be controlled by larger brains, which allow you to learn from ____________ . Scientists who study the brain are called _________________ . They have discovered that different _________ of the brain are responsible for different functions e.g. speech, taste, smell, movement. The brain is made of billions of ___________ . When you are awake you are aware of yourself, this is called ___________________ . The part of your brain where this happens is called the _________ _____________ . cerebral cortex – initiates actions 4 cerebellum – fine tunes muscle control 1. A small unit of measurement (nm) (10) 2. The chemical released by brain synapses, giving you feelings of pleasure (9) 3. The common name for the drug MDMA – a drug that may cause feelings of pleasure, but can have harmful effects (7). 4. Released from sensory neurons (9) 5. Gaps between sensory neurons + motor neurons (8) 6. The name of an antidepressant drug (6) F. Learned behaviour – learning to link a new stimulus with a reflex action allows animals to change their behaviour. This is called a conditioned reflex. 5. The stimulus of hearing the bell becomes linked with food. Ring a bell whilst the dog is eating After a while the dog will salivate when it hears a bell, even if there is no food around. 1. The dog salivates when it is given food The food is the stimulus + salivation is the response brainstem – co-ordinates reflexes Word bank: cerebral cortex, regions, neuroscientists, neurons, consciousness, experience G. Human Learning 1. How are the neurons in your brain connected? ……………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….... 2. How can you make new neuron pathways? (clue: babies develop new neuron pathways very quickly) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………… 3. How can you strengthen new neuron pathways? (clue: what do you do to get better at something?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Keywords : new experiences, neurons, pathways, repetition H. What is memory? – your ability to store + retrieve information. 2. ________________________ 1. _____________________ 3. ____________________ Word bank: rehearsal long-term short-term