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Incredible
Nervous System
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/index_i.html
STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN
• Brain scans
– techniques that can look through the thick
skull and picture the brain with
astonishingly clarity yet cause no damage
to the extremely delicate brain cells
STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN
• EEG:
– Electroencephalogram: studies the different electrical brain
waves generated by neurons. Gives a computerized readout showing the activity on the brain’s surface.
CT/CAT Scans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR
=1&v=rN4E8Y5loAs
STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN
1. MRI
– magnetic resonance imagery
– involves passing nonharmful radio
frequencies through the brain
2. fMRI
– functional magnetic resonance imaging
– measures the activity of specific neurons
that are functioning during cognitive tasks,
such as thinking, listening
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=9E1GoWhSlho&featur
e=related
MRI
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=Cwda7YWK0WQ
fMRI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bm
QR57V5TVU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=uVht8AMknfc&featu
re=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU
T9UTVrwp8&feature=related
STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN
3.PET scans
– positron emission tomography
– involves injecting a slightly radioactive solution into the
blood and then measuring the amount of radiation absorbed
by neurons
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=d9iOxMFmPlA
transcranial magnetic stimulation
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/05101900305
6.htm
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN
…we will look at
• Major divisions of the nervous system
– central nervous system - CNS
– peripheral nervous system - PNS
PERIPHERAL & CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
…remember
• Peripheral Nervous System
– made up of nerves that are located
throughout the body, except in the brain
& spinal cord
• Central Nervous System
– made up of neurons located in the brain
& spinal cord
Diagram of Nervous Systems
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
ORGANIZATION OF THE
BRAIN
• Peripheral nervous system - PNS
– includes all the nerves that extend from
the spinal cord and carry messages to and
from various muscles, glands, and sense
organs located throughout the body
• Subdivisions of the PNS
1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous system - ANS
1. sympathetic division
2. parasympathetic division
ORGANIZATION OF THE
BRAIN
• Somatic nervous system
– network of nerves that connect either to sensory
receptors or to muscles that you can move
voluntarily, such as muscles in your limbs, back,
neck, and chest
– nerves contain two kinds of fibers
• Afferent
– sensory fibers; carry information to the brain
• Efferent
– motor fibers; carry information from brain or
spinal cord to the muscles
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 4: Incredible Nervous System
ORGANIZATION OF THE
BRAIN
• Autonomic nervous system - ANS
– regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure,
digestion, hormone secretion, and other functions
A. Sympathetic division
– triggered by threatening or challenging physical or psychological
stimuli, increases physiological arousal and prepares the body for
action (fight/flight)
B. Parasympathetic division
– returns the body to a calmer, decreases physiological
arousal(decreases heart rate/lowers BP) and is involved in
digestion
 Homeostasis:
• sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work together to
keep the body’s level of arousal in balance for optimum
functioning
SYMPATHETIC/ PARASYMPATHETIC
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN
• Major Parts of the Brain
1. Forebrain
2.Midbrain
3.Hindbrain
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN
• Forebrain
– largest part of the brain
– has right and left sides
called hemispheres
– hemispheres are
responsible for a number
of functions, including
learning and memory,
speaking and language,
emotional responses,
experiencing sensations,
initiating voluntary
movements, planning,
and making decisions
The Cerebral Cortex
Each hemisphere of the cerebral
cortex is divided into four lobes
•Four lobes
–Frontal lobe
–Parietal lobe
–Occipital lobe
–Temporal lobe
CONTROL CENTERS: FOUR LOBES
• Wrinkled cortex
– a thin layer of cells that
essentially covers the
entire surface of the
forebrain
– the evolutionary purpose
of the outer cortex being
wrinkled is that it is able
to contain billions of more
neurons than if it was a
smooth surface
Frontal Lobe
overview: involved with personality, emotions, and motor
behaviors
• THE CEREBRUM:
Frontal Lobe
• Behavior
• Abstract thought processes
• Speech
• Attention
• Intellect
• Reflection
• Initiative
• Coordination of movements
• Muscle movements
• Skilled movements
Frontal Lobe
• Frontal lobe: functions
– motor cortex
– narrow strip of cortex that
is located on the back
edge of the frontal lobe
and extends down its
side
– involved in the initiation
of all voluntary
movements
– right side controls left
– left side controls right
– organization and function
of motor cortex
Language in the Brain
http://www.news-medical.net/health/The-Human-Brain.aspx
Parietal Lobe
Overview: involved with perception and sensory experiences
–location of somatosensory cortex:narrow
strip of cortex that is located on the front edge of the
parietal lobe and extends down its side
• Sense of touch (tactile
sensation)
• Appreciation of form
through touch
• Response to internal
stimuli
• Sensory combination
and comprehension
• Some language and
reading functions
• Spatial associations
Parietal Lobe
• Parietal lobe: function
– involved in several cognitive functions, including
recognizing objects, remembering items, and
perceiving and analyzing objects in space
Temporal Lobe
Overview:involved with hearing and speaking
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Temporal Lobe
Auditory memories
Some hearing
Music
Fear
Language
Speech
Emotions
Temporal Lobe
•
Temporal lobe: functions
– primary auditory cortex
located on top edge of
each temporal lobe,
receives electrical signals
from receptors in the ears
and transforms these
signals into meaningful
sound sensations, such as
vowels and consonants
– auditory association
area:located directly below
the primary auditory cortex
transforms basic sensory
information, such as noises
or sounds, into
recognizable auditory
information, such as words
or music
Temporal Lobe
• Temporal lobe: functions
– Broca’s area - frontal lobe
• located in left frontal lobe
• necessary for combining sounds into words and arranging words into
meaningful sentences
– Wernicke’s area
• located in the left temporal lobe
• necessary for speaking in coherent
sentences and for understanding
speech
Occipital Lobe
Overview: involved with visual processing
• Vision
• Reading
• Visual memory and associations
Occipital Lobe
• Occipital lobe: functions
– Vision: primary visual cortex which is:
located at the very back of the occipital lobe
– receives electrical signals from receptors in the eyes and
transforms these signals into meaningless basic visual
sensations, such as lights, lines, shadows, colors, and
textures
–visual association area:
transforms basic sensations, such
as lights, lines, colors, and
textures, into complete,
meaningful visual perceptions,
such as persons, objects, or
animals
Lobe Review Slide
Functional Areas of the Brain
Function
Brodmann Area
Vision
primary
secondary
17
18, 19, 20, 21, 37
Audition
primary
secondary
41
22, 42
Body Sensation
http://www.umich.edu/~cogneuro/jpg/Brod_sagtl.gif
primary
secondary
1, 2, 3
5, 7
Sensation, tertiary
7, 22, 37, 39, 40
Motor
primary
secondary
eye mov't
speech
4
6
8
44
Motor, tertiary
9, 10, 11, 45, 46, 47
Forebrain: Limbic System: The Old
Brain
The Limbic System though
very basic and old
constitutes a part of the
Forebrain.
• Structures:
– Hypothalamus
– Amygdala
– Thalamus
– Hippocampus
Forebrain: Limbic System: Old Brain
1. Hypothalamus
– regulates many
motivational behaviors,
including eating, drinking,
and sexual responses;
emotional behaviors such
as arousing the body when
fighting or fleeing, and
secretion of hormones,
such as occurs at puberty
2. Amygdala
– located in the tip of the
hippocampus
– receives input from all the
senses
– evaluates the emotional
significance of stimuli and
facial expressions,
especially those involving
fear, distress, or threat
LIMBIC SYSTEM: OLD BRAIN
3. Thalamus
– gathers and processes
information from the
senses
– involved in receiving
sensory information, doing
some initial processing,
and then relaying the
sensory information to
areas of the cortex
4. Hippocampus
– curved structure inside the
temporal lobe
– Involved in saving many
kinds of fleeting memories
by putting them into
permanent storage in
various parts of the brain
Midbrain
•
Midbrain/Mesencephalon
– has areas for vision,
hearing, eye and body
movement
1. contains the reticular
formation, which arouses
the forebrain so that it is
ready to process information
from the senses
– essential for processing
voluntary motor movement
2. VTA: mechanism greatly
involved in the feeling of
pleasure
3. Nucleus Accumbens: same
as VTA (these neurons are
linked with the VTA)
Hindbrain/Rhombencephalon
Hindbrain
•Pons
–functions as a bridge to
interconnect messages
between the spinal cord and
brain
•Medulla
–located on top of the spinal
cord
–includes a group of cells that
control vital reflexes, such as
respiration, heart rate, and
blood pressure
•Cerebellum
–located in the very back and
underneath the brain
–involved in coordinating
motor movements but not in
initiating voluntary movements
Exploded View of the Cerebellum
Lastly! (The Last (2) Concepts we will cover
1. Split-Brain Studies : What happens when
the Corpus Callosum is severed?
2.Hemispheric Specialization What different
abilities have each of the hemispheres
developed?
Corpus Callosum/Anterior Commisure
• (2) Brain structures that
house millions of neural
connections between the
(2) hemispheres
• Communication between
the left and right
hemispheres of the
brain
• Corpus is the larger of
the (2) structures
Split-Brain Studies
Purpose: when radical surgery is
needed to separate both
hemispheres i.e. individuals with
severe epileptic disorder
Contribution: demonstrates the functions of each
hemisphere and how they separately contribute to
our holistic perception of the world.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc
For the commissurotomy subject, direct
awareness is no longer whole. An object felt
in the left hand out of sight cannot be
matched to the same kind of object felt
separately and unseen in the right hand. As
long as the eyes are stationary, something
seen just to the left of the fixation point
cannot be compared to something seen on
the right side. Comparable divisions in
olfactory and auditory awareness may be
demonstrated. Furthermore, although sight
and touch communicate normally on each
side, left visual field to left hand or right
visual field to right hand, the crossed twohemisphere combinations fail, as if
experiences of eye and hand were obtained
by separate persons.
Functions:
-Verbal Abilities
-Mathematical
Abilities
-Analytic
Analysis
-Recognition of
Self
Functions:
-Nonverbal
(verbal abilities
are very
“elementary”
-Spatial abilities
-Holistic (facial
expressions/situat
ional cues
-Recognizing
others
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
What is it?:
The endocrine system is an
information signal system much
like the nervous system.
Hormones regulate many
functions of an organism,
including mood, growth and
development, tissue function, and
metabolism.
Why know it?:
Similar to the central nervous system
of the body, the glands that make
up the endocrine system release
hormones into the bloodstream
that have profound effects on
human behavior.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Endocrine System
– Made up of numerous glands that are located
throughout the body. Glands secrete various chemicals
called hormones.
•
•
•
•
•
Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenal glands
Gonads
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. Pituitary gland
– hangs below the
hypothalamus
– divided into anterior and
posterior
a. Posterior
– rear portion
– regulates water and salt
balance
b. Anterior
– front portion
– regulates growth through
secretion of growth
hormone
– produces hormones that
control the adrenal cortex,
pancreas, thyroid, and
pancreas
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
2.Pancreas
– regulates the level of sugar in
the bloodstream by secreting
insulin
3.Thyroid
– located in the neck
– regulates metabolism through
secretion of hormones
4. Adrenal glands
–adrenal cortex (outside part):
secretes hormones that
regulate sugar and salt
balance
–adrenal medulla (inside
part):secretes two hormones
that arouse the body to deal
with stress and emergencies
1.epinephrine (adrenaline)
2.norepinephrine
(noradrenaline)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
5. Gonads
– Females
• ovaries produce
hormones that regulate
sexual development,
ovulation, and growth of
sex organs
– Males
• testes produce
hormones that regulate
sexual development,
production of sperm,
and growth of sex
organs
Overview
• By understanding and
applying the contributions of
both the CNS, PNS and the
Endocrine System, a great
percentage of human
behaviors can be understood
as well as their underlying
causes.