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Transcript
The Brain and Behavior Basic terminology • • • • Neuron – receive, integrate, transmit info signals Soma – (Greek for body) cell body Dendrites – specialized to receive info Axon – thin fiber that transmits signals away from soma to other neurons, muscles or glands • Myelin sheath – insulating material encasing axons • Glial cells (Schwann’s cells) – make myelin sheath • Terminal buttons – secrete neurotransmitters The basic hardware of nervous tissue DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONS • Sensory neurons or Bipolar neurons carry messages from the body's sense receptors (eyes, ears, etc.) to the CNS. • Motoneurons or Multipolar neurons carry signals from the CNS muscles and glands. • Interneurons or Pseudopolare (Spelling) cells form all the neural wiring within the CNS. These have two axons (instead of an axon and a dendrite). One axon communicates with the spinal cord; one with either the skin or muscle. GLIAL CELLS • • • • Glial cells make up 90 percent of the brain's cells. Glial cells are nerve cells that don't carry nerve impulses. The various glial (meaning "glue") cells perform many important functions… including: – digestion of parts of dead neurons, – manufacturing myelin for neurons, – providing physical and nutritional support for neurons Neural impulse • Electrochemical reaction • + charged sodium and potassium ions – charged chloride ions flow back and forth across the cell membrane • They do not cross at the same rate Neural Impulse: Resting Potential Neural Impulse: Action Potential Synapse • Neurotransmitter molecules, released by synaptic vesicles, cross the tiny synaptic space (or cleft) between the axon terminal (or synaptic knob) of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron, where they latch on to a receptor site, much the way a key fits into a lock. This is how they pass on their excitatory or inhibitory messages.
