A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
Myelin and White Matter
... maintaining the structural and functional integrity of neural tissue. A well-known function of astrocytes is concerned with repair. When damage is sustained, astrocytes proliferate, become larger, and accumulate glycogen and filaments. This state of gliosis can be total, in which case all other elem ...
... maintaining the structural and functional integrity of neural tissue. A well-known function of astrocytes is concerned with repair. When damage is sustained, astrocytes proliferate, become larger, and accumulate glycogen and filaments. This state of gliosis can be total, in which case all other elem ...
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... Correlation between slit gene expression and axonal arborization has been noted in vivo, as well (Miyashita et al., 2004; Ozdinler and Erzurumlu, 2002; Ward et al., 2005; Whitford et al., 2002). However, the distribution of Slit protein within the developing CNS has not been described. In particular ...
... Correlation between slit gene expression and axonal arborization has been noted in vivo, as well (Miyashita et al., 2004; Ozdinler and Erzurumlu, 2002; Ward et al., 2005; Whitford et al., 2002). However, the distribution of Slit protein within the developing CNS has not been described. In particular ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... axonal pathology. We have to bear in mind that, although some parts of the degenerative cascade might indeed be similar in different pathologies, their origins may vary fundamentally. Membrane disruption in traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, for example, might eventually result in calcium influx ...
... axonal pathology. We have to bear in mind that, although some parts of the degenerative cascade might indeed be similar in different pathologies, their origins may vary fundamentally. Membrane disruption in traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, for example, might eventually result in calcium influx ...
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... The vast majority of prothrombin is produced in the liver and released into the plasma. It circulates within the bloodstream until it is converted into mature thrombin in the the coagulation cascade [10]. Thrombin is a large, spherical molecule, with a major groove around its equatorial axis, that i ...
... The vast majority of prothrombin is produced in the liver and released into the plasma. It circulates within the bloodstream until it is converted into mature thrombin in the the coagulation cascade [10]. Thrombin is a large, spherical molecule, with a major groove around its equatorial axis, that i ...
MARCKS modulates radial progenitor placement
... aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Martin-Belmonte and Mostov, 2007). Together, these findings suggest that MARCKS is a potent upstream regulator of localizatio ...
... aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Martin-Belmonte and Mostov, 2007). Together, these findings suggest that MARCKS is a potent upstream regulator of localizatio ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... period of synaptic refinement coincides with the appearance of astrocytes in the postnatal brain, and recent evidence indicates a role for astrocyte-derived signals in synapse development (Christopherson et al., 2005; Ullian et al., 2001). Here we identify an unexpected role for astrocytes and the c ...
... period of synaptic refinement coincides with the appearance of astrocytes in the postnatal brain, and recent evidence indicates a role for astrocyte-derived signals in synapse development (Christopherson et al., 2005; Ullian et al., 2001). Here we identify an unexpected role for astrocytes and the c ...
GLUCOCORTICOIDS INCREASE CNS INFLAMMATION
... Stress also has potent effects on the immune system, and indeed one of Selye’s original observations was that chronic GC exposure caused the thymus to atrophy (5). Over the next decades, GCs began to be widely utilized in clinical practice for their particularly potent immunosuppressive properties. ...
... Stress also has potent effects on the immune system, and indeed one of Selye’s original observations was that chronic GC exposure caused the thymus to atrophy (5). Over the next decades, GCs began to be widely utilized in clinical practice for their particularly potent immunosuppressive properties. ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
... mice, we examined neurodegenerative and reactive phenotypes that are present in other mouse models of NCL, including Cln3 / mice (Mitchison et al., 1999; Pontikis et al., 2004). These models display a range of effects upon cortical thinning and neuronal loss between sensory and motor cortex (Bible e ...
... mice, we examined neurodegenerative and reactive phenotypes that are present in other mouse models of NCL, including Cln3 / mice (Mitchison et al., 1999; Pontikis et al., 2004). These models display a range of effects upon cortical thinning and neuronal loss between sensory and motor cortex (Bible e ...
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate
... in glia. This is in accordance with the hypothesis of a neuronal-glial cycle in which glutamate passes from neurones to glia, and is returned to the neurones as glutamine. In vitro studies of uptake into isolated cell types show a high glial capacity for glutamate uptake. Studies of neuronal glutama ...
... in glia. This is in accordance with the hypothesis of a neuronal-glial cycle in which glutamate passes from neurones to glia, and is returned to the neurones as glutamine. In vitro studies of uptake into isolated cell types show a high glial capacity for glutamate uptake. Studies of neuronal glutama ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... TNF-α in CNS disease TNF-α may play a key role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases including ischemia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), HIV-1–associated dementia (HAD), MS, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and AD (Grazia De Simoni and Imeri, 1998). The modes by which TNF-α production and a ...
... TNF-α in CNS disease TNF-α may play a key role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases including ischemia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), HIV-1–associated dementia (HAD), MS, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and AD (Grazia De Simoni and Imeri, 1998). The modes by which TNF-α production and a ...
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response
... a perm anent and im penetrable glial scar (Figure 2C). Reactive astrogliosis has trad itionally been view ed as m alad aptive because gliosis can contribute to glutam ate toxicity (Takano et al., 2005), generation of seizures (Tian et al., 2005; Jansen et al., 2005), inflam m ation (Bram billa et al ...
... a perm anent and im penetrable glial scar (Figure 2C). Reactive astrogliosis has trad itionally been view ed as m alad aptive because gliosis can contribute to glutam ate toxicity (Takano et al., 2005), generation of seizures (Tian et al., 2005; Jansen et al., 2005), inflam m ation (Bram billa et al ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... and NT-4) [1-4], the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family (GDNF, Nerturin, Persephin and Artemin) [5], and the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)/ interleukin (IL)-6 family (CNTF, LIF, cardiotrophin and IL6) [6, 7]. However, neurological, neuroimmunological and psychiatric disea ...
... and NT-4) [1-4], the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family (GDNF, Nerturin, Persephin and Artemin) [5], and the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)/ interleukin (IL)-6 family (CNTF, LIF, cardiotrophin and IL6) [6, 7]. However, neurological, neuroimmunological and psychiatric disea ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
... important differences could be observed in localization, distribution, size and composition of the lesions depending on their acute or chronic properties. In acute CNS injury, such as brain trauma or ischemia, there is extensive haemorrhage, microglia activation, release of proinflammatory cytokines ...
... important differences could be observed in localization, distribution, size and composition of the lesions depending on their acute or chronic properties. In acute CNS injury, such as brain trauma or ischemia, there is extensive haemorrhage, microglia activation, release of proinflammatory cytokines ...
Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease
... Schwann cells are the PNS counterpart of oligodendrocytes and myelinate the axons of peripheral neurons to increase conduction speed and to provide physical support. One Schwann cell can myelinate only a single segment of one axon in contrary to the oligodendrocytes. They are responsible for the mai ...
... Schwann cells are the PNS counterpart of oligodendrocytes and myelinate the axons of peripheral neurons to increase conduction speed and to provide physical support. One Schwann cell can myelinate only a single segment of one axon in contrary to the oligodendrocytes. They are responsible for the mai ...
... and anti-apoptotic proteins were analyzed at different survival times after the lesion by enzymatic assays and double immunofluorescence for confocal microscope analysis. The first set of results demonstrated that although cleaved caspase-3 was found in some damaged neurons showing TUNEL+ nuclei, cl ...
Long lnterfascicular Axon Growth from Embryonic Neurons
... (2) A small transplant of hippocampal cells (taken from the series in Davies et al., 1993) lay farther back and laterally at the level of the hippocampal flexure. This transplant straddled the boundary between the fimbria and stria terminalis, with some donor cells in both tracts. The transplanted c ...
... (2) A small transplant of hippocampal cells (taken from the series in Davies et al., 1993) lay farther back and laterally at the level of the hippocampal flexure. This transplant straddled the boundary between the fimbria and stria terminalis, with some donor cells in both tracts. The transplanted c ...
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA
... including myelination. Glial cells differ in the CNS and PNS. Besides other differences, while in the PNS Schwann cells that myelinate and support neurons, in the CNS oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelination. The myelin layers wrap around the axons allowing rapid transmission of action poten ...
... including myelination. Glial cells differ in the CNS and PNS. Besides other differences, while in the PNS Schwann cells that myelinate and support neurons, in the CNS oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelination. The myelin layers wrap around the axons allowing rapid transmission of action poten ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... Until recently, there would have been nearly unanimous agreement that the cells responsible for sensing, signaling, and transmitting data concerning glucose availability are neurons. However, a provocative paper by Marty et al. (2005) has thrown the primacy of central hypoglycemia detection into que ...
... Until recently, there would have been nearly unanimous agreement that the cells responsible for sensing, signaling, and transmitting data concerning glucose availability are neurons. However, a provocative paper by Marty et al. (2005) has thrown the primacy of central hypoglycemia detection into que ...
- Wiley Online Library
... injury and many neurodegenerative conditions, including motor neuron disease, glaucoma, and Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Degeneration of the axonal compartment is distinct from neuronal cell death, and often precedes or is associated with the appearance of the symptoms of the ...
... injury and many neurodegenerative conditions, including motor neuron disease, glaucoma, and Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Degeneration of the axonal compartment is distinct from neuronal cell death, and often precedes or is associated with the appearance of the symptoms of the ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... epsilon4 allele of apoE has been implicated in susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease, in which reduction in synaptic eYcacy is observed (Myers and Goate, 2001). Thus, glia may underlie some aspects of this disease. A second glia‐derived component that is suYcient to induce the formation of postsynap ...
... epsilon4 allele of apoE has been implicated in susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease, in which reduction in synaptic eYcacy is observed (Myers and Goate, 2001). Thus, glia may underlie some aspects of this disease. A second glia‐derived component that is suYcient to induce the formation of postsynap ...
NIH Public Access
... Benfey and Aguayo, 1982). This work suggested that the PNS environment is stimulatory and/ or that the CNS environment is inhibitory for axon growth. Subsequent studies identified both growth- promoting factors in the PNS and growth- inhibiting factors in the CNS. Inhibitors of regeneration include ...
... Benfey and Aguayo, 1982). This work suggested that the PNS environment is stimulatory and/ or that the CNS environment is inhibitory for axon growth. Subsequent studies identified both growth- promoting factors in the PNS and growth- inhibiting factors in the CNS. Inhibitors of regeneration include ...
CNS pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents
... pathogens breach the CNS, treatment success becomes even more dismal. The ability of antifungal drugs to achieve adequate concentrations in the tissues of the CNS is one of numerous factors that impact treatment outcome of these infections. All systemic fungal pathogens have been associated with CNS ...
... pathogens breach the CNS, treatment success becomes even more dismal. The ability of antifungal drugs to achieve adequate concentrations in the tissues of the CNS is one of numerous factors that impact treatment outcome of these infections. All systemic fungal pathogens have been associated with CNS ...
Gliosis
Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar.The process of gliosis involves a series of cellular and molecular events that occur over several days. Typically, the first response to injury is the migration of macrophages and local microglia to the injury site. This process, which constitutes a form of gliosis known as microgliosis, begins within hours of the initial CNS injury. Later, after 3–5 days, oligodendrocyte precursor cells are also recruited to the site and may contribute to remyelination. The final component of gliosis is astrogliosis, the proliferation of surrounding astrocytes, which are the main constituents of the glial scar.Gliosis has historically been given a negative connotation due to its appearance in many CNS diseases and the inhibition of axonal regeneration caused by glial scar formation. However, gliosis has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects, and the balance between these is due to a complex array of factors and molecular signaling mechanisms, which affect the reaction of all glial cell types.