Distribution, classification, and development of Drosophila glial cells
... of cells should be stable. Third, the morphology and distribution of glial cells in the functional larval CNS provide a better classification of glial cell types; in late embryos, many neurons and glia show immature morphology and there are also some neuroblasts still dividing at this stage (Prokop ...
... of cells should be stable. Third, the morphology and distribution of glial cells in the functional larval CNS provide a better classification of glial cell types; in late embryos, many neurons and glia show immature morphology and there are also some neuroblasts still dividing at this stage (Prokop ...
SUMMARY
... Research into the biological nature of scars has lead to an increased understanding of mechanisms in hypertrophic scar formation, which are described in chapter 2. This resulted in the development of more specific therapeutic options. Despite this, hypertrophic scars remain difficult to treat. In ch ...
... Research into the biological nature of scars has lead to an increased understanding of mechanisms in hypertrophic scar formation, which are described in chapter 2. This resulted in the development of more specific therapeutic options. Despite this, hypertrophic scars remain difficult to treat. In ch ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... enhanced cell death and impaired axon growth in surviving neurons. Lipopolysaccharide, another potent macrophage activator, elicited a florid macrophage response, but without enhancing axon growth or notable toxicity. Together, these data show that a single mode of activation endows macrophages with ...
... enhanced cell death and impaired axon growth in surviving neurons. Lipopolysaccharide, another potent macrophage activator, elicited a florid macrophage response, but without enhancing axon growth or notable toxicity. Together, these data show that a single mode of activation endows macrophages with ...
View PDF - UCLA.edu
... types in the lamina. nonstop (encoding a ubiquitinspecific protease) is required for glial cell development and hedgehog for neuronal development. Removal of glial cells but not neurons disrupts R1–R6 targeting. We propose that glial cells provide the initial stop signal promoting growth cone termin ...
... types in the lamina. nonstop (encoding a ubiquitinspecific protease) is required for glial cell development and hedgehog for neuronal development. Removal of glial cells but not neurons disrupts R1–R6 targeting. We propose that glial cells provide the initial stop signal promoting growth cone termin ...
the electron microscopic localization of
... are resolved within many of these. Deposits of lead sulfide may be seen either surrounding very small axon branches, or as discontinuous patches on the surface of larger axons. The cytological details of the localization of this reaction are more clearly seen at higher magnification in Figs. 7, 8, 9 ...
... are resolved within many of these. Deposits of lead sulfide may be seen either surrounding very small axon branches, or as discontinuous patches on the surface of larger axons. The cytological details of the localization of this reaction are more clearly seen at higher magnification in Figs. 7, 8, 9 ...
Short English summery Thesis OuTline
... lesions. It has been suggested that in MS lesions foamy macrophages have a AA phenotype, since they expressed little pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS. In vitro, myelin ingestion was found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response. We hypothesized that activation of liver X receptor (LXR) b ...
... lesions. It has been suggested that in MS lesions foamy macrophages have a AA phenotype, since they expressed little pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS. In vitro, myelin ingestion was found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response. We hypothesized that activation of liver X receptor (LXR) b ...
HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) reverses inhibition of neural
... HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 weeks of postnatal development in rat brain10 corresponding to heightened plasticity of the juvenile brain11. The expression level at t ...
... HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 weeks of postnatal development in rat brain10 corresponding to heightened plasticity of the juvenile brain11. The expression level at t ...
spinal cord - Zanichelli
... Neurons communicate with other neurons at synapses, regions of close proximity between an axon terminal and a dendrite. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse. ...
... Neurons communicate with other neurons at synapses, regions of close proximity between an axon terminal and a dendrite. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse. ...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Molecular Switches Regulating CNS
... Although, the absolute signalling mechanisms underlying injured ON axon growth inhibition are not well understood, several studies indicate that axon regeneration is at least partially compromised by the activation of EGFR-mediated signalling pathways in association with myelin-derived inhibitory cu ...
... Although, the absolute signalling mechanisms underlying injured ON axon growth inhibition are not well understood, several studies indicate that axon regeneration is at least partially compromised by the activation of EGFR-mediated signalling pathways in association with myelin-derived inhibitory cu ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... Introduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small oxygen derived reactive molecules used as cell signaling intermediates at low concentrations. However, excess cellular ROS can cause oxidative stress, a state where oxidative damage to organelles and macromolecules like mitochondria, DNA, proteins ...
... Introduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small oxygen derived reactive molecules used as cell signaling intermediates at low concentrations. However, excess cellular ROS can cause oxidative stress, a state where oxidative damage to organelles and macromolecules like mitochondria, DNA, proteins ...
MAG, Nogo-A and NgR in Hippocampal Development and Regeneration TESIS DOCTORAL
... the regeneration of cortical connections. The model we have used is the entorhino-hippocampal connection and the conceptual structure followed was i) characterizing the temporal expression of the proteins, ii) analysing their regulation after lesion, and iii) studying the effect of their blockade on ...
... the regeneration of cortical connections. The model we have used is the entorhino-hippocampal connection and the conceptual structure followed was i) characterizing the temporal expression of the proteins, ii) analysing their regulation after lesion, and iii) studying the effect of their blockade on ...
BIOINFORMATICS ORIGINAL PAPER
... called astrocytes. We use a geodesic feature space based on vascular structures and embed astrocytes into the space by spatial sampling. We then propose a quantification method in this feature space that enables us to empirically demonstrate that the spatial distribution of astrocytes is often corre ...
... called astrocytes. We use a geodesic feature space based on vascular structures and embed astrocytes into the space by spatial sampling. We then propose a quantification method in this feature space that enables us to empirically demonstrate that the spatial distribution of astrocytes is often corre ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... There is evidence that sympathoexcitatory and respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation involve ventrolateral medulla-projecting nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons (NTS-VLM neurons) and also that ATP modulates this neurotransmission. Here, we evaluated whether or not astrocytes is the so ...
... There is evidence that sympathoexcitatory and respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation involve ventrolateral medulla-projecting nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons (NTS-VLM neurons) and also that ATP modulates this neurotransmission. Here, we evaluated whether or not astrocytes is the so ...
Spatial and temporal correlation between neuron neuronopathic Gaucher disease
... To determine the time course of neuropathological changes in nGD, we used a mouse model in which GlcCerase deficiency is restricted to neurons and macroglia, with normal GlcCerase activity in microglia (the Gbaflox/flox; Nestin-Cre mouse, hereafter referred to as the 2/2 mouse) (8). These mice exhib ...
... To determine the time course of neuropathological changes in nGD, we used a mouse model in which GlcCerase deficiency is restricted to neurons and macroglia, with normal GlcCerase activity in microglia (the Gbaflox/flox; Nestin-Cre mouse, hereafter referred to as the 2/2 mouse) (8). These mice exhib ...
Way SW, McKenna J 3rd, Mietzsch U, Reith RM, Wu HC, Gambello MJ. Loss of Tsc2 in radial glia models the brain pathology of tuberous sclerosis complex in the mouse. Human Molecular Genetics. 2009 Apr 1; 18(7):1252-65.
... enlarged neurons in the stratum oriens (SO) (Fig. 3F and G). These defects were in stark contrast to the tight, ordered pyramidal layer of the control animals, with a relatively cell sparse SO (Fig. 3A and E). The dentate gyrus (DG) retained its overall structure and contained approximately equal nu ...
... enlarged neurons in the stratum oriens (SO) (Fig. 3F and G). These defects were in stark contrast to the tight, ordered pyramidal layer of the control animals, with a relatively cell sparse SO (Fig. 3A and E). The dentate gyrus (DG) retained its overall structure and contained approximately equal nu ...
Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... members of cathepsins are also involved in extracellular proteolysis resulting in pathological conditions. Leakage of cathepsins into the cytoplasm is often achieved by the endocytosis of oxidizable substrates that destabilize the lysosomal membranes through lipid peroxidation. It has been proposed ...
... members of cathepsins are also involved in extracellular proteolysis resulting in pathological conditions. Leakage of cathepsins into the cytoplasm is often achieved by the endocytosis of oxidizable substrates that destabilize the lysosomal membranes through lipid peroxidation. It has been proposed ...
The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Variants
... anti-herpes drug acyclovir will reduce the number of attacks of MS (14), and, more recently, evidence for chlamydial infection (15) have renewed interest in infectious hypotheses. Because herpes viruses are activated by other infections and viral infections are known to precipitate some MS attacks, ...
... anti-herpes drug acyclovir will reduce the number of attacks of MS (14), and, more recently, evidence for chlamydial infection (15) have renewed interest in infectious hypotheses. Because herpes viruses are activated by other infections and viral infections are known to precipitate some MS attacks, ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... neurotransmitter tropic. In addition, evidence shows that astrocytes can swell or shrink depending on activity in nearby neuronal elements (11, 12, 13); this, too, may alter the spatial relationship between the astrocyte and nearby neuronal processes, including pre- and postsynaptic elements. In viv ...
... neurotransmitter tropic. In addition, evidence shows that astrocytes can swell or shrink depending on activity in nearby neuronal elements (11, 12, 13); this, too, may alter the spatial relationship between the astrocyte and nearby neuronal processes, including pre- and postsynaptic elements. In viv ...
Amyloid inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer
... The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) a system plays a key role in the adult brain, participating in the homeostatic control of synaptic plasticity, essential for memory function. Here we show that RARa signalling is down-regulated by amyloid beta (Ab), which inhibits the synthesis of the endogenous liga ...
... The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) a system plays a key role in the adult brain, participating in the homeostatic control of synaptic plasticity, essential for memory function. Here we show that RARa signalling is down-regulated by amyloid beta (Ab), which inhibits the synthesis of the endogenous liga ...
Review - Wesleyan University
... in various stages of animal and human evaluation (5, 11). Novel neuroprotective agents will undoubtedly play an important role in the future for minimizing neurological damage in the acutely injured patient. As secondary injury processes subside during the weeks and months following the trauma, the ...
... in various stages of animal and human evaluation (5, 11). Novel neuroprotective agents will undoubtedly play an important role in the future for minimizing neurological damage in the acutely injured patient. As secondary injury processes subside during the weeks and months following the trauma, the ...
Bystander Attenuation Of Neuronal And Astrocyte
... communicating with other glia, and modulating synaptic communication [22-24]. Astrocytes respond to and release transmitters such as glutamate and extracellular ATP through increases in intracellular Ca2+ [25-28]. Astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and respond to the release of transmitters from ...
... communicating with other glia, and modulating synaptic communication [22-24]. Astrocytes respond to and release transmitters such as glutamate and extracellular ATP through increases in intracellular Ca2+ [25-28]. Astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and respond to the release of transmitters from ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... has been previously shown that b-amyloid peptide induces inflammatory-like responses in astrocytes, leading to neuronal pathology. Reactive astrocytes up-regulate nerve growth factor (NGF), which can modulate neuronal survival by signaling through TrkA or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Here, we ...
... has been previously shown that b-amyloid peptide induces inflammatory-like responses in astrocytes, leading to neuronal pathology. Reactive astrocytes up-regulate nerve growth factor (NGF), which can modulate neuronal survival by signaling through TrkA or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Here, we ...
Gliosis
Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar.The process of gliosis involves a series of cellular and molecular events that occur over several days. Typically, the first response to injury is the migration of macrophages and local microglia to the injury site. This process, which constitutes a form of gliosis known as microgliosis, begins within hours of the initial CNS injury. Later, after 3–5 days, oligodendrocyte precursor cells are also recruited to the site and may contribute to remyelination. The final component of gliosis is astrogliosis, the proliferation of surrounding astrocytes, which are the main constituents of the glial scar.Gliosis has historically been given a negative connotation due to its appearance in many CNS diseases and the inhibition of axonal regeneration caused by glial scar formation. However, gliosis has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects, and the balance between these is due to a complex array of factors and molecular signaling mechanisms, which affect the reaction of all glial cell types.