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Chapter 3 Part 1 The Biological Bases of Behavior Table of Contents Communication in the Nervous System Hardware: – Glia – structural support and insulation – Neurons – communication – Soma – cell body – Dendrites – receive – Axon – transmit away Table of Contents Table of Contents Neural Communication: Insulation and Information Transfer Myelin sheath – speeds up transmission Terminal Button – end of axon; secretes neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers Synapse – point at which neurons interconnect Table of Contents The Neural Impulse: Electrochemical Beginnings Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) - giant squid – Fluids inside and outside neuron – Electrically charged particles (ions) – Neuron at rest – negative charge on inside compared to outside – -70 millivolts – resting potential Table of Contents The Neural Impulse: The Action Potential Stimulation causes cell membrane to open briefly Positively charged sodium ions flow in Shift in electrical charge travels along neuron The Action Potential All – or – none law Table of Contents Figure 3.2 - Neural Impluse Table of Contents The Synapse: Chemicals as Signal Couriers Synaptic cleft Presynaptic neuron – Synaptic vesicles – Neurotransmitters Postsynaptic neuron – Receptor sites Table of Contents Table of Contents When a Neurotransmitter Binds: The Postsynaptic Potential Voltage change at receptor site – postsynaptic potential (PSP) – Not all-or-none – Changes the probability of the postsynaptic neuron firing Positive voltage shift – excitatory PSP Negative voltage shift – inhibitory PSP Table of Contents Figure 3.4 Overview of synaptic transmission Table of Contents Signals: From Postsynaptic Potentials to Neural Networks One neuron, signals from thousands of other neurons Requires integration of signals – PSPs add up, balance out – Balance between IPSPs and EPSPs Neural networks – Patterns of neural activity – Interconnected neurons that fire together or sequentially Synaptic connections – Elimination and creation – Synaptic pruning Table of Contents Table of Contents Neurotransmitters Specific neurotransmitters work at specific synapses – Lock and key mechanism Agonist – mimics neurotransmitter action Antagonist – opposes action of a neurotransmitter 15 – 20 neurotransmitters known at present Interactions between neurotransmitter circuits Botox – Ach blocker Dopamine – substantia nigra – Parkinson disease Table of Contents Table of Contents Organization of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord – Afferent = toward the CNS/ Efferent = away from the CNS Peripheral nervous system – nerves that lie outside the central nervous system – Somatic nervous system– voluntary muscles and sensory receptors – Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – controls automatic, involuntary functions • Sympathetic – Go (fight-or-flight) • Parasympathetic – Stop Table of Contents Figure 3.6 Organization of the human nervous system Table of Contents Figure 3.7 – Peripheral Nervous System – Somatic and Autonomic Table of Contents Cranial Nerves Table of Contents DO NOT HAVE TO COPYThe Cranial Nerves and Their Function 1 – Olfactory - smell S 2 – Optic – vision S 3 – Occulomotor – eye movements, control of pupil and lens, tears MP 4 – Trochlear - eye movements M 5 – Trigeminal – facial sensations, chewing SM 6 – Abducens - eye movements M 7 – Facial – facial muscles, salivary glands, taste SMP 8 – Auditory – acoustic branch: audition S verstibular branch: balance S 9 – Glossopharynegeal – throat muscles, salivary glands, taste SMP 10 – Vagus – parasympathetic control of internal organs, sensation from internal organs, taste SMP 11 – Spinal accessory – head and neck muscles M 12 – Hypoglossal – tongue and neck muscles M S, sensory; M, motor; P, parasympatheic function Table of Contents