* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Nervous System - Marblehead High School
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuroscience in space wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Proprioception wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Evoked potential wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
The Nervous System 35-2 & 35-3 What do YOU see here? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. By the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1) Identify the functions of the nervous system 2) Identify and label the parts of a neuron 3) Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted Function of the Nervous System: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Body communication Controls and coordinated body functions Responds to internal and external stimuli Carries messages (electrical impulses) along nerve cell called neurons Types of Neurons: 1) Sensory neurons - carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord 2) Motor neurons - carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands 3) Interneurons - connect sensor and motor neurons Structure of Neurons Cell body - largest part containing the nucleus and cytoplasm Dendrites - branched extensions that carry impulses to the cell body Axon - long fiber ending at the terminals that carries impulses away from the cell body Myelin sheath - protective membrane surrounding the axon What do neurons do? Transmit nerve impulses Relies on electrical charges Uses Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) to create a charge difference between the nerve cell and its outer environment The Neuron in Action QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1) Resting State of a Neuron Outside the nerve has a positive charge Inside the nerve has a negative charge Created because of Potassium (K+) flow out of the nerve cell 2) Action Potential An outside stimulus creates a nerve impulse that travels down the axon away from the cell body The inside of the nerve cell is temporarily more positive Sodium (Na+) flow into the nerve cell The impulse leaves through the terminal and transmits to neighboring dendrites 3) Threshold A nerve will only transmit an impulse if the initial stimulus that is picked up at the dendrites is larger than the threshold Threshold - the lowest level of stimulus that will create an impulse If the stimulus is weaker than threshold NO IMPULSE will be produced The Nerve Impulse The Synapse Occurs between one axon and its neighboring dendrite Relies on chemical called neurotransmitters Two Main Parts of the Nervous System 1) Central Nervous System (CNS) - the control center of the body; consists of the brain and spinal cord 1) 2) 3) 2) Relays messages Processes information Analyzes information Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives information from the environment and sends commands from the CNS to the organs and glands Protection for the CNS Skull and vertebrae Meninges - three layers of connective tissue that wrap the brain and spinal cord Cerebral spinal fluid - fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that acts as a shock absorber; also allows fur nutrients and wastes to be exchanges QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Brain Parts of the Brain Cerebrum Largest part composed of folds and grooves that make up the four major lobes Responsible for voluntary activites Site of learning, intelligence, and judgement Left side (hemisphere) controls that right hand side of your body and the reverse Consists of two layers (1) outer cerebral cortex made of only grey material and (2) inner white matter Parts of the Brain Cerebellum Second largest brain region Found at the back of the skull Coordinates and balances muscle movement Brain Stem Connects the brain to the spinal cord Contains the pons and medulla oblongata Responsible for blood pressure, heart rate, breathing… Parts of the Brain The Hypothalamus Recognizes hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature Coordinates the nervous and endocrine system The thalamus Receives sensory messages and sends them to the cerebrum Spinal Cord Contains 31 nerves that connect the brain to the rest of the body Processes certain reflexes - quick automatic response to a stimulus like blinking Peripheral Nervous System 1) Sensory Division - transmits impulses from the sense organs to the CNS 2) Motor Division - transmits impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands composed of: 1) Somatic Nervous System 2) Autonomic Nervous System The Somatic Nervous System Deals with activities that are under your conscious control Ex: Moving your pen, poking your neighbor, and reflexes Reflexes Rapid responses Follow a modified path so they do not need to go all the way to the brain before a response is produced Reflex arc - includes a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an effector (muscle) The Autonomic Nervous System Responsible for involuntary, automatic movements 1) Sympathetic division 2) Parasympathetic division QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Autonomic Nervous System Deals with involuntary activities Controls functions that are not under your conscious control Ex: heart rate, digestion, respiration Sensory Receptors 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Pain receptors - respond to chemicals released by damaged cells so the body can recognize danger Thermoreceptors - detect variations in temperature Mechanoreceptors - sensitive to touch, pressure, sounds, motion and muscle stretching Chemoreceptors - sensitive to chemical in the external environment Photoreceptors - sensitive to light The Senses 35-4 Your Row will be assigned a sensory function Your group will work together in order to write on the board: 1) The sense organs involved and their functions 2) The basic method of operation - how does it produce a response and what are its major parts