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Week #3 (1/21 – 1/24) Warm Up – Tues, 1/21: - Review of Intro to NS Anatomy Fun Fact: As we grow older, the brain loses a gram each year. Agenda: 1. Begin Action Potential notes Pick up: ??? Have out: ??? Turn in: Reflex Lab group handouts (if not turned in at the end of last period) Homework: 1. Action Potential Quiz – Fri, 1/24 Warm-up: Intro to NS Review • What organs are included in the CNS? • What are the 3 main parts of a neuron? • What is the function of the dendrites? Cell body? Axon? • What does SNS stand for & what kind of tissue does it control? • Are reflexes controlled by the SNS monosynaptic or polysynaptic? • Let’s play a game of “Telephone”! I’ll start by giving a message to…. • In a Reflex Arc, what role are you & I playing (hint: it’s a tissue)? ▫ Neurons • In anatomy, what is the space between each communicator called? ▫ Synaptic cleft or synapse • Was the message sent successfully? ▫ If not, why not? How many parts were there to communicating the message? 1st: the person had to receive it (listening) – role of the dendrites of a neuron 2nd: the listener had to process the information (understanding the context of the words) – role of the soma/cell body 3rd: the person had to send the message (speaking/ sending it to the next person) – role of the axon Understanding • Information from one neuron flows to another neuron across a synapse/synaptic cleft… ▫ a small gap separating neurons that consists of: a presynaptic ending (axon terminals) that contains neurotransmitters (NTs), mitochondria & other organelles, a postsynaptic ending (dendrites) that contains receptor sites for NTs & a synaptic cleft or space between the presynaptic & postsynaptic endings. BIOLOGY REVIEW: What is the process of Diffusion? • When it comes to understanding how neurons communicate (Action Potential or Nerve Impulse), you must understand how the process of diffusion works! ▫ Diffusion Animation ▫ Particles move down their concentration gradients (from high to low) • Is it an active or passive form of transporting dissolves nutrients? ▫ Passive – NO ATP REQUIRED! • Also known as “Nerve Impulses” • Self-regenerating wave of electrochemical activity that allows neurons to carry a signal over a distance (“game of telephone”) • Pulse-like waves of voltage that travel along several types of cell membranes • Analogy – assume students are POSITIVELYCHARGED Na & K IONS! • Initiation/Resting Stage: ▫ Outside the classrooms (neuron) vs. inside classrooms (neuron) ▫ At 7:20 a.m., more students are arriving to school than are sitting in a “0” hr class ▫ So the inside of the classrooms (neurons) have a “negative” polarity. • Initiation/Resting Stage: ▫ Some K+ channels are open: K+ diffusion occurring (out) ▫ Initiated by stimulus above a certain intensity or threshold (~-70mV – resting potential) ▫ Could be a pin prick, light, heat, sound or an electrical disturbance in another part of the neuron (“telephone call”) ▫ Electrical signal rises from changes in permeability of the neuron’s axon membranes to specific ions (Na+ & K+) • Analogy – assume students are POSITIVELYCHARGED Na & K IONS! Depolarization (Rising Phase): ▫ Outside the classrooms vs. inside classrooms ▫ First bell rings & students move from the halls into the classrooms ▫ This gives the inside of the classroom (neuron) a more “positive” polarity. Depolarization (Rising Phase) K+ Channel gates are closed Stimulus causes gate in the Na+ Channel to open High concentration of Na+ outside, Na+ diffuses into neuron Electrical potential changes to ~ +40 mV • Analogy – assume students are POSITIVELY-CHARGED Na & K IONS! Repolarization (Falling Phase): ▫ Outside the classrooms vs. inside classrooms ▫ Dismissal bell rings & students leave the classroom & enter the halls ▫ This gives the inside of the classroom (neuron) a “negative” polarity again. Repolarization (Falling Phase) Depolarization causes K+ Channel gates to immediately open & Na+ Channels close K+ diffuses out of neuron Reestablishment of initial electrical potential of ~-60 mV Refractory Period (Recovery Phase) Na+ & K+ Channels cannot be opened by a stimulus Na+/K+ Pump actively (ATP required) pumps Na+ out of & K+ into neuron (against/up their concentration gradients) Reestablishment of ion distribution of resting neuron This AP acts as stimulus to neighboring proteins within neuron membrane & initiates AP in another part of neuron Wave of APs travel from dendrites to axon terminals At axon terminal, electrical impulse is converted to a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) Week #3 (1/21 – 1/24) Warm Up – Wed, 1/22 & Thurs, 1/23: - Analyzing the Change in Impulse Anatomy Fun Fact: At a given point of time, only ~4% of the cells (neurons) in the brain are active, the rest are kept in reserve. Have out: Reflex Lab handout Pick up: Analyzing the Change in Impulse wkst - What kinds of diagnostic imaging are these pictures? Agenda: 1. Getting the Message across the Synapse 2. Neuron/Action Potential Model-building Homework: 1. Action Potential Quiz – Fri, 1/24 Action Potential animation • Getting the message across (the synapse)? ▫ At axon terminal, chemical signal (NT) crosses synapse between adjacent neurons Starts AP on this neuron ▫ This activates Ca2+ channel to open Ca2+ diffuses into neuron Causes NT vesicles to move to end & fuse with cell membrane Through exocytosis, NTs are released into synapse ▫ NTs diffuse across synapse & bind to NT receptors on another neuron Causes Na+ channels to open & AP is initiated in next neuron Let’s Review… How do neurons communicate? • Action potential animation (~3 mins) • What is another name for the nerve impulse that travels from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminal? • What happens in the Rising Phase/ Depolarization? ▫ Falling Phase/Repolarization? ▫ Recovery Phase/Refractory Phase? • Once the AP has reached the axon terminal, what ion entering the neuron instigates the movement of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane? • What do the vesicles release into the synapse? Action Potential/Neuron Model • You will be divided into 4 groups to create 4 different Neuron models! • You will be presented with various materials you may choose to use for your model. • Each group will develop a model of a neuron, including: ▫ Dendrites ▫ Axon - Cell body (soma) - Synaptic terminal (axon terminal) • Your neuron will also demonstrate the transmission of: ▫ Action potential - Neurotransmitters • You will be demonstrating your model to the class on Fri, 1/24 (before Quiz on Action Potentials)! • Return any unused materials to where you found them! • Do NOT waste materials…all materials were bought by me! Action Potential/Neuron Model • Each model of a neuron has to include: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Dendrites Cell body (soma) Axon Synaptic terminal (axon terminal) • Your neuron will also demonstrate the transmission of: ▫ Action potential ▫ Neurotransmitters Week #3 (1/21 – 1/24) Warm Up – Fri, 1/24: - Neuron Models Demo Have out: Neuron models Anatomy Fun Fact: Neurons, which are the largest cells in the human body, do not undergo the process of mitosis. - Why is this important to know? Agenda: 1. Action Potential Quiz 2. Ch. 14 Tour (Brain) Homework: 1. Ch. 14 Tour - ??? Action Potential Riddle Quiz Questions from the Synaptic Potentials & NTs Review? You may use your Synaptic Potentials & NTs Review as a resource while you take your Riddle Quiz today! Please take out 1 piece of notebook paper & label it “Action Potential Riddle Quiz”. Write your NAME, DATE & PERIOD in the top right! For the 10 questions of the quiz, you will see screens for 30 secs. with “riddles” about Action Potentials. Write JUST THE ANSWER to the riddle next to the number (do NOT have to write complete sentences)! When finished, turn your paper OVER so that NO ANSWERS are showing! Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #1 A bright light just flashed in my eye! If I am an Action Potential traveling along the axon of a sensory neuron, where am I headed next (which organ)? Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #2 I am the space between the neurotransmitters leaving one neuron & the dendrites of an adjacent neuron where the message will be passed on. Where am I? Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #3 I act as the insulation for the electrochemical impulses that travel the axon from the soma to the next neuron. What am I called? Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #4 Since there is a high concentration of me outside the neuron, I am the ion that diffuses into the neuron during the Depolarization Phase of an Action Potential after membrane voltage threshold has been instigated by an outside stimulus. What ion am I? Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #5 After the Refractory Phase of an Action Potential within the axon of a neuron, I re-establish the ion distribution & ~-70 mV of a resting neuron. Who am I? Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #6 At the axon terminal, I’m the kind of impulse that allows for the release of chemical neurotransmitters (to pass the message along). Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #7 I’m the ion that starts it all at the presynaptic ending!!! As soon as my channel opens, I diffuse into the axon terminal. I tell the synaptic vesicles to head toward the cell membrane to let their contents into the synapse through exocytosis so the message can be passed to the next neuron. Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #8 I’m the crazy hair-like projections that take in the incoming information during a “neuron phone call”. Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #9 I’m the passive process by which dissolved Na+ & K+ ions move through chemical gates from an area of higher concentration to an region of lower concentration. Action Potential Riddle Quiz Riddle #10 At the end of Depolarization & beginning of Repolarization, two things happen simultaneously. I am those 2 things! Be specific! Action Potential Riddle Quiz ANSWERS Riddle #1 A bright light just flashed in my eye! If I am an Action Potential traveling along the axon of a sensory neuron within a monosynaptic reflex, where am I headed next (which organ)? Spinal cord OR brain 1 pt Riddle #2 I am the space between the neurotransmitters leaving one neuron and the dendrites of an adjacent neuron where the message will be passed on. Where am I? Synapse OR synaptic cleft 1 pt Action Potential Riddle Quiz ANSWERS Riddle #3 I act as the insulation for the electrochemical impulses that travel the axon from the soma to the next neuron. What am I called? Myelin sheath 1 pt Riddle #4 Since there is a high concentration of me outside the neuron, I am the ion that diffuses into the neuron during the Depolarization Phase of an Action Potential after membrane voltage threshold has been instigated by an outside stimulus. What ion am I? Na+ (sodium) 1 pt Action Potential Riddle Quiz ANSWERS Riddle #5 After the Refractory Phase of an Action Potential within the axon of a neuron, I re-establish the ion distribution & ~70 mV of a resting neuron. Who am I? Na+/K+ Pump 1 pt Riddle #6 At the axon terminal, I’m the kind of impulse that allows for the release of chemical neurotransmitters (to pass the message along). Electrical impulse/Action Potential/Nerve impulse 1 pt Action Potential Riddle Quiz ANSWERS Riddle #7 I’m the ion that starts it all at the presynaptic ending!!! As soon as my channel opens, I diffuse into the axon terminal. I tell the synaptic vesicles to head toward the cell membrane to let their contents into the synapse through exocytosis so the message can be passed to the next neuron. Ca2+ (calcium ions) 1 pt Riddle #8 I’m the crazy hair-like projections that take in the incoming information during a “neuron phone call”. Dendrites 1 pt Action Potential Riddle Quiz ANSWERS Riddle #9 I’m the passive process by which dissolved Na+ & K+ ions move through chemical gates from an area of higher concentration to an region of lower concentration. Diffusion 1 pt Riddle #10 At the end of Depolarization & beginning of Repolarization, two things happen simultaneously. I am those 2 things! Be specific! Na+ channels close & K+ channel open 2 pts Action Potential Riddle Quiz ANSWERS Put the NUMBER CORRECT over 11 pts & return to its OWNER!!! Now turn them in the Hmwk Bin!