* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Basic Brain Structure and Function
Neuroscience and intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Visual selective attention in dementia wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Executive functions wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Affective neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Cortical cooling wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Emotional lateralization wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Inferior temporal gyrus wikipedia , lookup
Brain Structure and Function “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (1977) Phineas Gage • September 13th, 1848 • Phineas 25 years old • Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Cavendish, VT • Paving the way for new RR tracks • “Tamping Iron” – 1.25in x 3ft Phineas Gage • Accident – Quick Recovery • Months later: “No longer Gage” – Before: capable, efficient, best foreman, well-balanced mind – After: extravagant, anti-social, liar, grossly profane • Died 12 years later Evolution of the Brain The Brain • Brainstem –responsible for automatic survival functions • Medulla –controls heartbeat and breathing The Brain Thalamus – the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem – it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla Parts of the Brain THALAMUS Relays messages amygdala hippocampus pituitary CEREBELLUM Coordination and balance BRAINSTEM Heart rate and breathing Reticular Formation •Widespread connections •Arousal of the brain as a whole •Reticular activating system (RAS) •Maintains consciousness and alertness •Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep The Cerebellum –helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance The Limbic System all deal with basic drives, emotions, and memory • Hippocampus Memory processing • Amygdala Aggression (fight) and fear (flight) • Hypothalamus Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones) The Limbic System The Limbic System • Amygdala –two almondshaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion and fear August 1st, 1966 Charles Whitman The Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex –the body’s ultimate control and information processing center The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres Planning, decision making speech Sensory Auditory Vision The Cerebral Cortex • Frontal Lobes – involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments – the “executive” • Parietal Lobes – include the sensory cortex The Cerebral Cortex • Occipital Lobes – include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field • Temporal Lobes – include the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear The Cerebral Cortex • • • • Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex Parietal (Top to rear) Sensory Cortex Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex Sensory Areas – Sensory Homunculus Figure 13.10 Techniques to examine functions of the brain 1. Remove part of the brain & see what effect it has on behavior 2. Examine humans who have suffered brain damage 3. Stimulate the brain 4. Record brain activity Brain Lateralization Our Divided Brains • Corpus collosum – large bundle of neural fibers (myelinated axons, or white matter) connecting the two hemispheres Hemispheric Specialization LEFT RIGHT Symbolic thinking (Language) Detail Literal meaning Spatial perception Overall picture Context, metaphor Contra-lateral division of labor • Right hemisphere controls left side of body and visual field • Left hemisphere controls right side of body and visual field Split Brain Patients • Epileptic patients had corpus callosum cut to reduce seizures in the brain • Lives largely unaffected, seizures reduced • Affected abilities related to naming objects in the left visual field Sensation and Perception Sensation • The process by which the central nervous system receives input from the environment via sensory neurons • Bottom up processing Perception • The process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information • Top-down processing The five major senses • Vision – electromagnetic – Occipital lobe • Hearing – mechanical – Temporal lobe • Touch – mechanical – Sensory cortex • Taste – chemical – Gustatory insular cortex • Smell – chemical – Olfactory bulb – Orbitofrontal cortex – Vomeronasal organ? The sixth sense And the seventh…and eighth…and ninth… • Vestibular balance and motion – Inner ear • Proprioceptive relative position of body parts – Parietal lobe • Temperature heat – Thermoreceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex • Nociception pain – Nociceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex Thresholds of the five major senses