* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download NOTE
Functional magnetic resonance imaging wikipedia , lookup
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Neurogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Human multitasking wikipedia , lookup
Affective neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neuroscience and intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Cortical cooling wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Emotional lateralization wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Sports-related traumatic brain injury wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy of memory wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Neuroprosthetics wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Brain Structure and Function Standish - HSP3UC Fun Facts About the Brain • • • • • • • • These facts will teach you interesting bits of information about the physical make-up of the human brain. Weight. The weight of the human brain is about 3 lbs. Cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and makes up 85% of the brain’s weight. Skin. Your skin weighs twice as much as your brain. Gray matter. The brain’s gray matter is made up of neurons, which gather and transmit signals. White matter. The white matter is made up of dendrites and axons, which create the network by which neurons send their signals. Gray and white. Your brain is 60% white matter and 40% gray matter. Water. The brain is made up of about 75% water. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (1977) Phineas Gage • September 13th, 1848 • Phineas 25 years old • Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Cavendish, VT • Paving the way for new RR tracks • “Tamping Iron” – 1.25in x 3ft Phineas Gage • Accident – Quick Recovery • Months later: “No longer Gage” – Before: capable, efficient, best foreman, well-balanced mind – After: extravagant, anti-social, liar, grossly profane • Stint with P.T Barnum • Died 12 years later • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrULrWRlGBA Evolution of the Brain Reptilian Paleomammalian Neomammalian The Brain • Brainstem –responsible for automatic survival functions • Medulla –controls heartbeat and breathing Parts of the Brain THALAMUS Relays messages amygdala hippocampus pituitary CEREBELLUM Coordination and balance BRAINSTEM Heart rate and breathing The Cerebellum –helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance The Limbic System • Hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, and hippocampus all deal with basic drives, emotions, and memory • Hippocampus Memory processing • Amygdala Aggression (fight) and fear (flight) • Hypothalamus Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones) The Limbic System Hypothalamus neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities eating drinking body temperature helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland linked to emotion (show video) The Limbic System Show self stimulation clip The Limbic System • Amygdala –two almondshaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion and fear August 1st, 1966 Charles Whitman The Brain • Thalamus – the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem – it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla The Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex –the body’s ultimate control and information processing center The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres Planning, decision making speech Sensory Auditory Vision The Cerebral Cortex • Frontal Lobes – involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments – the “executive” • Parietal Lobes – include the sensory cortex The Cerebral Cortex • Occipital Lobes – include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field • Temporal Lobes – include the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear The Cerebral Cortex • • • • Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex Parietal (Top to rear) Sensory Cortex Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex Motor/Sensory Cortex • Contralateral • Homunculus • Unequal representation VIDEO: Crash Course on your brain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrmiy4W9C0 http://www.adaringadventure.com/life-coaching/30-amazing-facts-about-your-brain/ Sensory Areas – Sensory Homunculus Figure 13.10 The Cerebral Cortex Aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding) –see clips Broca’s Area an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech Wernicke’s Area an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression Language Areas • Broca Expression • Wernicke Comprehension and reception • Aphasias LEFT HEMISPHERE Paul Broca [1800s] • Suggested localization Techniques to examine functions of the brain 1. Remove part of the brain & see what effect it has on behavior 2. Examine humans who have suffered brain damage 3. Stimulate the brain 4. Record brain activity Brain Lateralization Our Divided Brains • Corpus collosum – large bundle of neural fibers (myelinated axons, or white matter) connecting the two hemispheres Split Brain Patients • Epileptic patients had corpus callosum cut to reduce seizures in the brain • Lives largely unaffected, seizures reduced • Affected abilities related to naming objects in the left visual field Brain Plasticity Brain Plasticity • The ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences • Persistent functional changes in the brain represent new knowledge • Age dependent component • Brain injuries Environmental influences on neuroplasticity Impoverished environment Enriched environment Sensation and Perception Sensation • The process by which the central nervous system receives input from the environment via sensory neurons • Bottom up processing Perception • The process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information • Top-down processing The five major senses • Vision – electromagnetic – Occipital lobe • Hearing – mechanical – Temporal lobe • Touch – mechanical – Sensory cortex • Taste – chemical – Gustatory insular cortex • Smell – chemical – Olfactory bulb – Orbitofrontal cortex – Vomeronasal organ? Thresholds of the five major senses