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NERVOUS SYSTEM Major functions of the nervous system-the 3 C’s Control Communicate Coordinate Receive stimuli Process information and decide output Direct response Nervous System Anatomy Central Nervous System Includes the brain and spinal cord Controls all body functions Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Includes cranial nerves and nerves from spinal cord Nervous system Sensory/Afferent Sensory: afferent neurons Receive a stimulus Can come from organs (visceral) Can come from the body (somatic) Efferent Motor (efferent neurons)-response Voluntary: muscles Involuntary: Parasympathetic—maintain homeostasis Sympathetic--fight or flight--stress response Reflexes Nerve cell structure (Neuron) Dendrite--receive impulse Cell Body--processes impulse Nucleus--control center of cell body Mitochondria--powers the cell Nissl bodies--manufacture protein Nerve cell structure (Neuron) Axons--transmits impulse Schwann cells--conducting cells Myelin sheath—insulation—speeds up impulse Nodes of Ranvier--speeds up impulse Nerve cell structure (Neuron) Axon terminals—end of axons Terminal end buds (Synaptic end bulbs) -contain neurotransmitters Types of Neurons Interneurons--connecting neurons Unipolar--one process Bipolar--one axon and one dendrite Multipolar--branches to create many dendrites or axon terminals Neuroglia cells --supporting cells of the CNS and PNS CNS include: Astrocytes-Blood-brain barrier Protect brain Astrocyte Microglia-CNS supporting cells Macrophages Clean up debris and excess ions Protect neurons Oligodendrocyte--CNS Make myelin for CNS Cannot repair if damaged Ependymal cells--CNS Line spinal cord cavity Line cranial cavity Circulate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) PNS NEUROGLIAL CELLS Schwann Cells – form myelin sheaths around axons Holds neurons in place Speeds up transmission Can repair if damaged Keeps messages from being scrambled Satellite cells--PNS Surround ganglia cell bodies Provide nutrients and support Types of Matter Gray Matter – non-myelinated neurons White Matter – Myelinated neurons Meninges Protective membranes for the brain Dura mater--tough mother Arachnoid mater--spider mother--contains CSF Pia mater--soft mother Nerve impulse conduction Is ion exchange Nerve impulse conduction Continuous and Saltatory conduction Reflex arc Predictable, automatic response to stimuli 5 parts--Sensory receptor--->sensory neuron---> integrating center (processing center)---> motor neuron--->effector (completes action) Nerve tracts Bundles of neurons Many are long tracts Brain Cerebrum Largest part of brain Cerebral cortex Gray matter of the brain Gyruselevations Sulcusgrooves Fissure-deep grooves Cerebellum “Little brain” Coordinates skeletal muscle movements Inferior to cerebrum Diencephalon Epithalamus— sleep-wake cycle Thalamus-emotional center Hypothalamus-connection between brain and endocrine system Regulates vitals Lobes of the brain Frontal lobe Anterior portion Concentration Planning Problem solving Writing Speech Parietal lobe Sensation of touch, pressure, and pain Helps us understand speech Helps us use words to express feelings Temporal lobe Hearing and balance Memory of visual scenes and music Helps us interpret sensory experiences Occipital lobe Vision Helps us combine vision with other sensory experiences Brainstem Functions as a relay station for nerve impulses Midbrain--reflex center for hearing and vision Pons--regulates rate and depth of breathing Medulla oblongata-controls vitals, plus coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting Cerebrospinal fluid Watery cushion that protects the brain and spinal chord In ventricles of the brain and arachnoid space of the meninges