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Psychology Biological Basis of Behavior Biological Basis of Behavior “DNA, by itself, does nothing at all” Denis Noble, Genes and Causation The expression of genotype is completely dependent on molecular, physiological, behavioral, and environmental conditions. The gene is not an infallible unit of heredity, but rather part of an extremely complex, reciprocally-determined developmental system Biological Basis of Behavior Heredity and Behavior Darwin’s Theory of natural selection has been applied to the development of species-typical behaviors Certain behaviors, that would serve to the survival and reproduction of the organism would become geneticallydetermined over many generations This theory, while appealing, is generally frowned upon by developmental scientists The development of species-typical behavior is determined by the organism’s ontogenetic niche: a complex system of hierarchically-organized environmental and biological constraints that an organism would typically “inherit” The ontogenetic niche includes genes, epigenetics, physical forces (gravity, temperature) and social experience. Biological Basis of Behavior Genotype: the genetic structure an organism inherits; DNA Phenotype: The individual organism’s characteristics, resulting from the interaction between genetics and environment Epigenenome: a series of molecular mechanisms (methyl groups and histones) that alter the expression of the genome as a result of environmental stimuli MZ or identical twins, who share 100% DNA, can have vastly different epigenomes, based on experience, and therefore can have vastly different developmental outcomes Epigenetic tags can be inherited Your behavior can effect your epigenome and the epigenome of your children/grandchildren. Neurology Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord Communication Reflexes Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system is composed of two subsystems: Autonomic Nervous System: regulates basic life processes and survival; unconscious; responds to threats (fight or flight) Sympathetic division: EMERGENCY!! Parasympathetic: routine, homeostasis Somatic Nervous System: regulates conscious actions of skeletal muscle Neurology Sensory Neuron: carry messages from sense receptor cells toward the CNS There are different kinds of sensory neurons specializing in different senses Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Ect… Motor Neuron: carry messages from the CNS to muscles and glands Interneuron: part of the intermediate network between sensory, motor, and other interneurons. Mirror Neurons*: a neuron that responds when an individual observes another performing a motor action or experiencing a sensation, has implications for social imitation and empathy; only observed in nonhuman primates. Glia cell: “support cells” or scaffolding for neurons Neurology Plasticity: The malleability of neural structures in response to experience. Neurology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKG0MtH5crc Neurology Neurology Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers from one neuron to the next Influenced by stimuli, behavior, and drugs Problems occur when there is too much or too little Neurology Common Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine: skeletal muscles, attention, memory Dopamine: voluntary movement, “reward system” Norepinephrine: mood and arousal Serotonin: sleep & wake cycle, aggression GABA:regulation of anxiety Glutamate: learning and memory Endorphins*: pain relief and stress response Oxytocin*: social bonding Brain Imaging PET (positron emission tomography) CAT or CT (computerized axial tomography) EEG (electroencephalogram) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) Brain Imaging: Your Professor’s Brain! Neuroanatomy: Brain Stem Medulla: regulates breathing, blood pressure, and heartbeat Pons: “bridge” between spinal cord and brain; regulates sleep Thalamus: relays sensory information Neuroanatomy: Limbic System Hippocampus: explicit memory Amygdala: emotion, aggression, fear, and related memories Hypothalamus: motivated behavior and homeostasis Olfactory Bulb: smells Neuroanatomy: The BRAINS (Cortex)!! Neuroanatomy: BRAINS!! Cerebrum: the region of the brain that controls higher cognitive and emotional processes (the brain-looking part). Divided into left and right hemispheres: Left and right hemispheres are connected by the corpus collosum, anterior and posterior commissures. Cerebral cortex: the outer surface of the brain Sulci: the trenches in the cortex Gyri: the folds of the cortex Cerebellum: attached to the brainstem and controls motor coordination, posture, and balance More BRAINS!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHxyP-nUhUY The sensory and motor cortex strips are bilateral, with the left hemisphere controlling the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controlling the left side of the body The sensory and motor cortex strips allocate space based on complexity and sensitivity “Split Brain” Patients http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo Endocrine System & Behavior The endocrine system uses hormones to supplement the work of the nervous system The endocrine system regulates metabolism, and influences body growth, mood, and sexual characteristics Pituitary: the “Master Gland” in the brain that regulates the endocrine system Endocrine glands include: Thyroid Adrenals Pancreas Ovaries Testes Take Away The brain is super complicated! No one spot is “in charge” of any process; it’s all about the connections and interactions between areas Experience effects neurology and neurology effects experience Either chemical (drugs) or environmental (behavior) can break and change the entire cycle