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6 The Nervous System Lesson 6.1: Overview of the Nervous System Lesson 6.2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses Lesson 6.3: Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Lesson 6.4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Lesson 6.5: Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.1 Overview of the Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System • Two major divisions – Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal Cord – Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Afferent (sensory) nerves • Efferent (motor) nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Two Major Divisions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Efferent Nerves • Somatic Nervous System – Voluntary • Skeletal muscles • Autonomic Nervous System – Involuntary – Sympathetic • Fight or Flight – Parasympathetic • Rest & Digest © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nervous Tissues • Neurons – Transmit nerve impulses • Neuroglia – Support the neurons – Protect the neurons – CNS = astrocytes & oligodendrocytes – PNS = Schwann cells & satellite cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neurons • Dendrites – Receive information • Axons – Send information • Cell Body (soma) – Contain the nucleus • Myelin Sheath – Speed up transmission © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Types by Function • Sensory Neurons – “Input” = afferent – Send impulses toward CNS • Motor Neurons – “Output” = efferent – end impulses away from CNS © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Structures • Bipolar • Unipolar – One axon – One dendrite – Sensory organs • Multipolar – One axon split into two sections © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. – Several dendrites – Brain & SC Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Action Potentials ***Change in cell membrane charge – Polarized • Inside of cell membrane is more negative – Depolarized • Inside of cell membrane is more positive – Repolarized • Reestablishment of polarized state after depolarization – Refractory period • Time between completion of action potential & repolarization © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Impulse Transmission • Transmission at synapses – – – – Gap junctions Neurotransmitter Excitatory effect Inhibitory effect © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System The Brain • • • • • • • Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum Meninges Blood-brain barrier © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum • Cerebral cortex • Lobes – Gyrus (raised) – Sulcus (grooves) – Fissure (deep) – Frontal • Memory, intelligence, behavior, emotion, motion, smell – Parietal • Somatic sensations, speech – Occipital • Vision, speech – Temporal • Hearing, smell, memory, speech • Primary motor cortex • Primary somatic sensory cortex © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebellum • Coordinates body movements and balance – Receives input from eyes, inner ears © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diencephalon • Thalamus – Relay station for sensory and motor information – Regulates arousal, sleep, consciousness • Hypothalamus – Key part of ANS • Regulates metabolism, R, BP, thirst, hunger, energy, body temperature, sex drive, pain, pleasure sensation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Brain Stem • Midbrain – Relay of information concerning vision, hearing, alertness • Pons – Regulates breathing • Medulla oblongata – Regulates HR, BP – Controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, vomiting © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Brain • Blood-brain barrier – Allow water, glucose, and amino acids • Meninges – Dura mater – Arachnoid mater – Pia mater © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System • • • • Nerve structure Cranial nerves Spinal nerves and nerve plexuses Autonomic nervous system © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nerve Structure • Endoneurium – Covers axons • Perineurium – Bundles fascicles • Epineurium – Wraps nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses • 31 pairs • Dorsal root – Sensory input • Ventral root – Motor output • Plexuses – Branching networks of nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord • Traumatic brain injury • Cerebral palsy • Spinal cord injury © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Traumatic Brain Injury • Violent impact to head – Mild – Moderate – Severe © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebral Palsy • Damage to brain – Before birth – During birth – During infancy • Motor function impairment © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord Injuries • • • • C1–C3: C1–C4: C5–C7: T1–L5: Usually fatal Quadriplegia Paralysis of lower extremities Paraplegia Corepics/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS • • • • • Meningitis Multiple sclerosis Epilepsy Parkinson’s disease Dementia & Alzheimer’s disease © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.