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Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.1 Overview of the Nervous System Agenda & Key Points • organization of the nervous system – two major divisions – the efferent nerves-subdivisions • nervous tissues – Neuroglia-support and protection – Neurons-transmitting information (nerve impulses) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Organization of the Nervous System • two major divisions – central nervous system (CNS) – peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Autonomic-(Cardiac & Smooth) – Parasympathetic-routine involuntary – Sympathetic-high alert • Somatic- (Skeletal) – sensory receptors ( special nerves- pressure, pain and temp) • afferent (sensory) nerves- From PNS to CNS • efferent (motor) nerves- From CNS to PNS © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Two Major Divisions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Efferent Nerves (Motor Nerves) • somatic nervous system – Voluntary – skeletal • autonomic nervous system – – – – Involuntary Smooth and cardiac Sympathetic -6.4 (fight or flight) Parasympathetic -6.4 ( rest and digest) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nervous Tissues • neuroglia – – – – also known as glial cells support the neurons protect the neurons Types: • • • • Astrocytes- between neurons and capillaries ½ of all glials Microglia- disposals Ependymal cells- line, cover and protect cavities Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin in CNS • Schwann cells- produce myelin in PNS • Satellite Cells- cushion and support © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuroglia © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nervous Tissues • Neurons-transmit nerve impulses • Neuron Anatomy – – – – Cell body-nucleus and mitochondria Axon-sends info away from cell body Dendrites-collect and transport stimuli Myelin sheath-fatty insulation to increase rate on impulse transmission ( white vs gray matter) – Neurilemma-external covering of schwann cells – Nodes of ranvier-uninsulated gap between schwann cell – Synapse-gap between axon terminals and muscles or other neurons (neuromuscular junction if muscles) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuroglia © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Types by Function • sensory neurons – send impulses toward CNS • motor neurons – send impulses away from CNS • interneurons – bridges between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Structures • bipolar – one axon and one dendrite • unipolar – one axon – PNS • multipolar – one axon and many dendrites – CNS, Motor and interneurons – (eyes and nose) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses Agenda and Key Points • Neurons are irritable too! • action potentials – change in cell membrane charge • impulse transmission – charge change travels along axon • reflexes – response to stimulus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Action Potentials • Conductivity-ability to transmit nerve impulses • Polarized-difference in charge inside the cell (negative), Sodium outside, Potassium inside • Depolarized-(positive), flood of sodium ions inside • Nerve impulse-wave of depolarization (action potential) all or none • Repolarized-return to original state • Refractory Period-between impulse and repolarization (fatigue). Can’t respond © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Impulse Transmission • Speed of transmission: 1-119 m/s – Myelin sheath- any impulse>1m/s – Diameter of axon – Body temperature- warmer=faster • Saltatory conduction-jump overs – Faster transmission – Nodes of Ranvier (myelin) • transmission at synapses – – – – gap junctions neurotransmitter excitatory effect-acetylcholine inhibitory effect-endorphins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Reflexes • somatic – stimulate skeletal muscles, voluntary • autonomic – stimulate involuntary muscles, cardiac/smooth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Agenda and Key points • Brain (2.25-3.25 lb, 100 billion neurons) • Cerebrum – 2 hemispheres • • • • • diencephalon brain stem cerebellum meninges blood-brain barrier © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum • cerebral cortex- outer surface=gray matter, inner= white matter – Convolutions= wrinkles • Gyrus- raises • Sulcus- grooves • Fissure- deep grooves – lobes – Frontal• broca’s area (L) • primary motor cortex- coordination – parietal • primary somatic sensory cortex-sensory info – Occipital • vision – Temporal • Speech, hearing, vision, memory and emotionPermission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cerebrum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diencephalon • Thalamus – Relay station – Sleep and awake • Hypothalamus – Pearl sized – Metabolism, heart rate, bp, pain and pleasure • epithalamus – Pineal gland and sleep hormones © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Brain Stem • Midbrain – most superior part of brain stem – Sensory and motor impulses – Vision, hearing, motor, temperature, sleep cycle • Pons- middle of brain stem – Breathing regulation • medulla oblongata- most inferior – Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing – Reflexes for cough, sneeze and vomiting • As long as the brain stem is functional, the body will live (with hydration and nutrition) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Brain • Cerebellum – Below occipital lobe – Balance and coordination, body position • blood-brain barrier – Lots of blood flow (2025% at any given time) – Capillaries are impermeable to many substances – Water, glucose and amino acids can pass – So can alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics • Meninges- protective membranes – dura mater – Tough, double layered. Inner layer extends to spinal cord – arachnoid mater – Web-like – Underneath is CSF – pia mater – Delicate. Attaches directly to brain © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Meninges © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System • • • • nerve structure cranial nerves spinal nerves and nerve plexuses autonomic nervous system © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nerve Structure • endoneurium – covers axons • perineurium – bundles fascicles • epineurium – wraps nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cranial Nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses • • • • • • 31 pairs dorsal root ventral root dorsal ramus ventral ramus plexuses © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Autonomic Nervous System • preganglionic and postganglionic neurons • sympathetic nerves – fight-or-flight action • parasympathetic nerves – resting or digesting action © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: efferent, ganglion, optic, perineurium. 1. wraps fascicles 2. motor 3. a cranial nerve 4. enlarged junction © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord • traumatic brain injury • cerebral palsy • spinal cord injury © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Traumatic Brain Injury • violent impact to head – mild – moderate – severe © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebral Palsy • damage to brain – before birth – during birth – during infancy • motor function impairment © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord Injuries • • • • C1–C3: usually fatal C1–C4: quadriplegia C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities T1–L5: paraplegia Corepics/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS • • • • • meningitis multiple sclerosis epilepsy Parkinson’s disease dementia and Alzheimer’s disease © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.